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Immunologically mediated skin disorders
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP or toxic pustuloderma): is characterized by sudden onset of multiple sterile non-follicular pustules on the background of diffuse erythema, starting in the flexural areas and face. Fever and neutrophilia are associated. Drugs causing AGEP include penicillins and NSAIDs.
Benign Disorders of Leukocytes
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Gene L. Gulati, Zoran Gatalica, Bong H. Hyun
Neutrophilic leukocytosis or neutrophilia may be defined as an increase in circulating neutrophils to over the upper limit of normal, usually over 7.5 × 109/L in adults. An increase in only the percentage of neutrophils (including bands) to over 80 is referred to as relative neutrophilia and carries little, if any, clinical significance. Additional features that generally accompany a nonleukemic neutrophilic leukocytosis or reactive neutrophilia include (a) “shift to the left,” toward more immature neutrophilic cells, primarily bands, but a few metamyelocytes and myelocytes may be present—blasts and promyelocytes are generally absent; and (b) toxic changes including toxic granulation (primary azurophilic granules), vacuolization, and Döhle bodies (remnants of RNA) in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and bands (Fig. 1). Neutrophilia may result from (a) a shift of neutrophils from the marginal pool to the circulating pool, (b) reduced exit rate of cells from the circulation, (c) increased release of cells from the bone marrow stores, (d) increased production in the bone marrow, or (e) any combination of these. The conditions associated with neutrophilia are summarized in Table 1.
Psychopharmacology EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Carbamazepine.Gabapentin.Lamotrigine.Leucopenia.Lithium.Neutrophilia.Thrombocytopenia.Valproate.Verapamil.
Botryosphaeran Attenuates Tumor Development and the Cancer Cachexia Syndrome in Walker-256 Tumor-Bearing Obese Rats and Improves the Metabolic and Hematological Profiles of These Rats
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Patrícia K. Comiran, Mariana C. Ribeiro, John H. G. Silva, Kamila O. Martins, Izabella A. Santos, Ana Emilia F. Chiaradia, Amadeu Z. Silva, Robert F. H. Dekker, Aneli M. Barbosa-Dekker, Pâmela Alegranci, Eveline A. I. F. Queiroz
In the present study, we demonstrated that botryosphaeran significantly increased the total leukocyte and lymphocyte count in the OTB group, which can be attributable to an imunne response against the Walker-256 tumor, contributing to a lower tumor development by this group (Fig. 2A). Furthermore, we observed that the CT and CTB rats presented granulocytosis and monocytosis, suggesting an inflammatory response, and the OT and OTB rats presented granulocytosis, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, suggesting an activation of adaptive immune response (Table 4). In a tumor environment, neutrophils are required due to the presence of local inflammation and the phenotype changes from N1 to N2 due to the production of cytokines released by the tumor, favoring tumor progression. Kuwabara et al. (60) demonstrated that during Walker-256 tumor development, neutrophils are not able to react against the tumor, maintain tumor growth and cell proliferation without any immune interference, but they did demonstrate that the administration of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) intratumorally was able to stimulate and attract neutrophils to the tumor environment, contributing to the complete regression of the tumor. In our study groups had neutrophilia indicating that reduction of the tumor growth must be et al., with other immune cells.
Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Marker in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Published in Endocrine Research, 2021
Mirsala Solak, Ivana Kraljević, Karin Zibar Tomšić, Marko Kaštelan, Luka Kakarigi, Darko Kaštelan
The mechanisms underlying the association of high NLR and unfavorable outcomes of cancer patients are poorly understood. This might be related to relative neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia that occur as a part of the systemic inflammatory response triggered by cancer. Hanahan et al. argued that every tumor contains immune cells ranging from subtle infiltrations to gross inflammations.18 Until recently it was thought that this reflected an attempt of the immune system to eradicate tumor. However, it has been demonstrated that the tumor-associated inflammatory response has a paradoxical effect of enhancing tumorigenesis and progression, by supplying bioactive molecules to the tumor microenvironment, including growth and pro-angiogenic factors, survival factors that limit cell death, as well as extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes that facilitate angiogenesis, invasion and metastatic spread of the tumor.18
Dexamethasone differentially depletes tumour and peripheral blood lymphocytes and can impact the efficacy of chemotherapy/checkpoint blockade combination treatment
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Wayne J. Aston, Danika E. Hope, Alistair M. Cook, Louis Boon, Ian Dick, Anna K. Nowak, Richard A. Lake, W. Joost Lesterhuis
We optimized dexamethasone treatments in mice to mimic the depletion of lymphocyte populations including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients.4 The dose required to induce significant lymphodepletion in mice is analogous to that in humans when calculated relative to body surface area.24 However, at these dosages, there was no change in any of the immune subtypes in tumours, indicating that while dexamethasone may have a systemic lymphodepleting effect, this is not necessarily reflected in the tumour microenvironment. Neutrophilia, characterised by an average increase of circulating neutrophils by 32%, was observed in peripheral blood, presumably due to inhibition of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis which also mimics patient data.25 Again, this was not observed within the tumour. Checkpoint molecule expression within tumours did not change markedly after dexamethasone treatment in vivo. However, it has been shown that dexamethasone enhances the level of PD-1 expression in vitro when cultured with mouse or human T cells, which did correlate with our findings.26