China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Host Defense I: Non-specific Immunity
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
The number of granulocytes in the blood of healthy individuals fluctuates between 2–9,000/mm3. Levels may increase during infection or injury (such as a burn), or may decrease in other situations (e.g., virus or drug-induced bone marrow suppression). A decreased number of circulating leukocytes is called leukopenia, while a decrease in granulocytes is granulocytopenia. Lack of neutrophils is neutropenia, and complete absence of granulocytes from blood and bone marrow is agranulocytosis. Individuals with neutropenia often have increased susceptibility to infections with pyogenic bacteria. Several genetic defects may result in granulocytopenia.
Leukocytes and lymphoid tissues: The framework of the immune system
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Granulocytes are a collection of white blood cells with segmented or lobulated nuclei and granules in their cytoplasm, which are visible with special stains. Because of their segmented nuclei, which assume variable sizes and shapes, these cells are generically designated as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes (Figure 2.1d). Different subpopulations of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) can be distinguished by differential staining of the cytoplasmic granules, reflecting their different chemical constitution.
Hematopoietic Organs and Blood
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology, 2019
Granulocytopenia develops somewhat later and to a somewhat lesser degree, despite the short circulating time of granulocytes, because of the lesser sensitivity of neutrophil granulocyte precursors in the marrow and the fairly large pool of relatively radioresistant fixed postmitotic differentiating neutrophil granulocytes in the bone marrow which continues to supply granulocytes to the blood until the pool has undergone maturation depletion (Figure 14).
FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel as the first-line chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Seval Ay, Muhammed Mustafa Atcı, Rukiye Arıkan, Özgecan Dülgar, Deniz Tataroğlu Özyükseler, Nail Paksoy, İzzet Doğan, Buğra Öztosun, Didem Taştekin, Başak Bala Öven, Mahmut Gümüş
FFX was administered of oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 in two hours immediately followed by leucovorin 400 mg/m2 in 90 minutes with the addition, after 30 minutes, of irinotecan 180 mg/m2 given as a 90-minute intravenous infusion through a Y-connector. This treatment was followed by 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus and 46 hours of continuous 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 and repeated every fourteen days until progression. GNP was received at a dose of 125 mg/m2 in 30 minutes and followed by iv infusion of 1000 mg/m2 of gemcitabine in 30 minutes. This treatment was on days of 1,8 and 15 and repeated every 28 days until progression. Response assessment was performed within 10 to 15 days following the initial sixth administration and every six cycles of the 14-day regimens by conventional cross-sectional imaging. Disease progression was assessed using ‘Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors’ (RECIST) Version 1.1 in radiological imaging. Patients' toxicities were evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (version 5.0). Doses were modified if needed. Grade 3 or higher neutropenia was treated with granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (GCS-F).
Colony stimulating factors for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in children
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Prolonged neutropenia due to cytotoxic chemotherapy can increase risk of infection and mortality. Neutropenia can also influence the course of chemotherapy by causing dose reduction, delay, or discontinuation. The duration of neutropenia is usually 7 to 10 days which varies depending on chemotherapy regimen and patient factors [1]. Granulocyte stimulating factors have shown benefit in preventing neutropenia complications during chemotherapy cycles. Current guidelines recommend using G-CSF as prophylaxis agent, but not in patients with established febrile neutropenia [2,3]. The use of G-CSF is less studied in pediatric population and existing clinical trials have mixed data. Children have a very different drug response in terms of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). The pediatric PK and PD data from anticancer and colony stimulating factor (CSF) drugs are lacking. In general, drug dosing in pediatric population is based on body weight or body surface area (BSA) if no specific pediatric dosing is available [4]. When extrapolating adult dose per kg body weight or BSA to pediatric patients, it is assumed that the drug pharmacokinetics is proportional over the weight or BSA range, and the relationship of drug concentration and effect are similar in both populations. Thus, it is important to utilize appropriate population-based PK approach to minimize toxicities while achieving therapeutic benefit. The aim of this review is to investigate the benefits and risks of prophylactic CSF in pediatric cancer patients.
Bacteria and cells as alternative nano-carriers for biomedical applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Rafaela García-Álvarez, María Vallet-Regí
Neutrophils are a type of granular leukocytes, also known as polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Generated at the bone marrow, they are the most abundant immune cell type within the human peripheral blood. Interestingly [132]. Neutrophils display natural chemotaxis toward inflammatory signals, and they can move freely through the circulatory system and its walls in order to rapidly attack antigens [133]. Further, neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at an infection/inflammation site, where they produce cytokines for recruiting other cells [134]. Although they have a short circulation life span, neutrophils have been successfully applied as alternative carrier platforms. For instance, Xue and coworker [135] developed an alternative therapy for glioblastoma where they used neutrophils as carriers of chemotherapeutic agents. This strategy was also applied to the gastric cancer therapy [136], where neutrophils contained abraxane and the chemotherapeutic drug was released at the tumor site. In both cases, neutrophils proved to be adequate drug vehicles that overcome the performance of the therapeutic agents alone.