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The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
The main function of basophils (see Figure 12.5) is to promote inflammation, but they are also involved in anaphylactic reactions. Basophils can leave the bloodstream to enter sites of tissue damage; when they do this, they transform into mast cells. Mast cells are found in connective tissue and in the mucosa and release histamine and heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant and contributes to the inflammatory response, and histamine is a vasoactive amine causing vasodilation of the arteriole/capillary vascular bed and enlargement of the intracellular pores in the capillary membrane. This increases pooling of blood in the area of tissue damage. The systemic vascular resistance is lowered, which manifests as hypotension or low blood pressure if a significant area of capillary bed is affected. In response to this, the patient develops a tachycardia. In anaphylactic reactions, histamine release increases vascular capillary permeability, causing local oedema, which may exacerbate breathing problems and potentially cause obstruction of the airway.
In vitro Testing for Adverse Drug Reactions
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Human basophils play an important role in diverse inflammatory processes. They generate de novo leukotriene C4, and the generation can be enhanced in the presence of interleukin-3 both upon IgE-dependent and IgE-independent basophil degranulation.29 A commercial test (by Bühlmann laboratories AG, Allschwil, Switzerland) takes advantage of this release of sulfidoleukotrienes in vitro. Czech et al.30 showed that leukocytes from patients with a pseudo-allergic reaction to acetylsalicylic acid released significantly larger amounts of sulfidoleukotrienes upon stimulation with C5a man leukocytes from controls. Bircher et al.31 showed preliminary results suggesting that patients with anaphylactic reaction to beta-lactam antibiotics could be diagnosed with in vitro release of sulfidoleukotrienes, while patients with milder skin eruptions remained negative in the test.
Mucosal basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Edda Fiebiger, Stephan C. Bischoff
The ability of basophils to be activated by multiple stimuli, coupled with their ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes with their many effector functions, suggests that they may be critical regulators of inflammation in multiple tissue sites. Accordingly, elevated basophil populations are correlated with the inflammation associated with allergies and asthma. For example, basophils are elevated in the airways of asthmatics, increase upon allergen challenge, and are observed at elevated numbers in the lungs during severe asthma. In addition, blood basophil counts are increased in asthma, and elevated basophil populations directly correlate with airway hyperresponsiveness and decreased lung function.
Allergen immunotherapy: progress and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Lara Šošić, Marta Paolucci, Stephan Flory, Fadi Jebbawi, Thomas M. Kündig, Pål Johansen
Approximately 1% of all leukocytes in the peripheral blood are basophils. Basophils contain cytoplasmic secretory granules that in allergic patients can degranulate upon allergen binding to surface-bound sIgE and crosslinking of FcεRI [125]. These CD203c-positive basophils can be harvested and stimulated in vitro with the allergen in question, and the expression of surface CD203c and the vesicle-membrane protein CD63 that appears on the cell surface upon degranulation can be measured with flow cytometry [126]. Such basophil activation tests (BATs) are commonly used in diagnostics, especially in drug hypersensitivity reactions [127]. In whole blood, inhibiting factors such as blocking antibodies will affect the readout; hence, depending on the research question, the leukocytes may be isolated or not prior to stimulation. Decreased basophil activation in the whole blood was associated with effective AIT [128,129], but not always [120]. It is postulated that SLIT might affect basophil degranulation less than SCIT and might account for the inconsistent efficacy findings in the SLIT studies [105]. Recently, it was reported that peanut OIT reduced basophil sensitivity [130]. A hurdle for consistent use in clinics might be the handling of live cells needed for BAT, requiring fast transport to the laboratory and immediate analysis.
Regulatory T cells do not suppress rather activate human basophils by IL-3 and STAT5-dependent mechanisms
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Mrinmoy Das, Emmanuel Stephen-Victor, Jagadeesh Bayry
Basophils are rare granulocytes representing approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Basophils are reported to play a role in regulating acquired immunity, particularly by promoting Th2 cell differentiation as well as amplifying humoral memory response.1 Several studies have also uncovered a role for basophils in protective immunity to pathogens. But dysregulated functions of basophils are associated with many pathologies and in particular allergic and inflammatory diseases. Main reason for the exceptional role of basophils in various pathologies despite their low frequency, is the expression of an array of receptors including FcεRI and cytokine receptors that sense signals derived from diverse sources, and immediate release of inflammatory mediators including cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and B-cell-activating factor), histamine and leukotriene that support hypersensitive and inflammatory responses.1 However, the mechanisms by which basophils are kept in check remains unclear and hence recently we explored if CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have the capacity to control the functions of human basophils.
The blood cells in NSCLC and the changes after RFA
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Yunfang Li, Dongdong Wang, Xiaoguang Li
Basophils release histamine and other substances when they encounter specific antigens, causing allergic reactions. These produced substances induce neutrophils and eosinophils to the abnormal positions. The increase in basophils is more common in some allergic diseases, hematological diseases, malignant tumors, and some infectious diseases. Since it accounts for less than 1% of peripheral leukocytes, Anthony [103] found that the basophilic cell count increased in peripheral blood of most patients with lung cancer, especially in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, which is stable and independent of leukocyte changes. Recent studies have shown that basophils decreased significantly in peripheral blood of patients with liver cancer [104] and increased significantly in patients with breast cancer [105]. There are no studies on the mechanism or the changes of basophils after RFA.