China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Alimentary Tract Diseases
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Ryan Lamm, Arturo J. Rios-Diaz, Priyadarshini Koduri, Francesco Palazzo
Inflammation and infection of the appendix. Diagnosis is usually made with a CT scan in the non-pregnant patient, however abdominal MRI is often used in the pregnant patient, and by classic symptoms of RLQ pain which may have originated near the umbilicus, nausea, anorexia, and emesis. Sometimes fever and leukocytosis are present.
Therapeutic apheresis
Published in Jennifer Duguid, Lawrence Tim Goodnough, Michael J. Desmond, Transfusion Medicine in Practice, 2020
Extreme thrombocytosis with platelets counts typically greater than 100 × 109/l can be seen in CML, essential thrombocythemia (ET), and polycythemia vera (PV). In most cases, patients are asymptomatic, even with extreme thrombocytosis. However, symptoms of thrombosis secondary to platelet aggregation and thrombosis or bleeding due to platelet dysfunction or reperfusion injury can be seen in these clonal disorders (but not in reactive thrombocytosis). As with extreme leukocytosis, symptomatic patients are treated regardless of the actual count, and respond readily to cytoreduction. A single large-volume cytoreduction results in a transient 30–50% reduction in the platelet count, but may need to be repeated until more definitive control of the thrombocytosis by chemotherapy can be achieved.
The lymphoreticular system and bone marrow
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
An increase in numbers of white cells is called leukocytosis. An increase in neutrophils alone – neutrophil leukocytosis – is most frequently due to bacterial infection. This is mediated through the increased release of bone marrow granulocytes by the actions of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). In more chronic states, these two cytokines promote the production of factors that stimulate an increase in neutrophil production itself. As IL-1 and TNF are produced in conditions other than infection, leukocytosis can be seen in patients with burns, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and other inflammatory conditions. Leukocytosis commonly occurs in leukaemia. Leukopenia, a decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes, may occur in many conditions including aplastic anaemia, drug reactions, viral infection, immunosuppression, myelodysplasia, and marrow replacement syndromes.
Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of the Innate Immune Response to Gout
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Jordana Dinorá de Lima, André Guilherme Portela de Paula, Bruna Sadae Yuasa, Caio Cesar de Souza Smanioto, Maria Clara da Cruz Silva, Priscila Ianzen dos Santos, Karin Braun Prado, Angelica Beate Winter Boldt, Tárcio Teodoro Braga
Classically, the initial clinical manifestation of the disease occurs in flares. These are monoarticular inflammatory episodes, in which the affected joint presents with swelling, hyperemia, limitation of movement and pain of rapid onset. Such episodes are usually self-limiting, with resolution in about 2 weeks (Richette et al. 2017, 2020). The condition may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as low-grade fever and leukocytosis. Thus, the differential diagnosis depends on other crystal-induced arthritis and septic arthritis (Perez-Ruiz et al. 2014). The first flare usually appears at night and is characterized by very intense pain (Choi et al. 2015). The most common site of involvement in this first episode is the first metatarsophalangeal joint – the involvement of this joint being called podagra. This is also usually the spot most affected by the flares of the disease, being less recurrent in other joints commonly such as the midfoot, ankle, knee, finger joints, wrist, and elbow (Roddy et al. 2013).
Platelet to white blood cell ratio was an independent prognostic predictor in acute myeloid leukemia
Published in Hematology, 2022
Shuqi Zhao, Hanzhang Pan, Qi Guo, Wanzhuo Xie, Jinghan Wang
Notably, clinical parameters are still important factors for classification in CN-AML [3]. In clinical practice, patients with AML often present with leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Leukocytosis is usually caused by leukemia blasts, which release from bone marrow storage pool to peripheral blood. At the same time, leukemia blasts can suppress hematopoiesis including the inhibition of the generation of platelets [4]. Notably, high WBC had been regarded as a reliable indicator of poor clinical outcome [5]. Generally, platelet count has been used to predict bleed risk in AML. Low platelet count can contribute to bleeding complications, which is a dangerous and potentially fatal complication [5]. Recently, a combinational index of platelet and WBC had been proved as an independent prognostic predictor in several diseases such as acute-on-chronic liver failure, renal malignancy, ischemic stroke, and acute promyelocytic leukemia [5–8]. However, whether this ratio of platelet and WBC counts (PWR) has somewhat prognostic indication in CN-AML is still not investigated. Therefore, we analyzed the prognostic value of PWR in a large cohort of CN-AML patients.
Intraventricular neurocysticercosis causing obstructing hydrocephalus
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Alejandro Perez, Gaurav Syngal, Samreen Fathima, Sam Laali, Sadat Shamim
A 30-year-old right-handed Mexican man presented to the emergency department complaining of progressive headache, photophobia, neck pain, and double vision for 3 weeks. He worked on farms with his father who had epilepsy. Initial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed obstructive hydrocephalus in his fourth ventricle concerning for neurocysticercosis (Figure 1). Laboratory results showed no leukocytosis or eosinophilia. He underwent elective suboccipital craniotomy with excision of a fourth ventricle mass (Figure 2). Two days after surgery, his CT imaging showed diffuse cerebral edema with increased intraventricular blood, and on the third day he acutely decompensated with lethargy and dilated pupils requiring emergent ventriculostomy placement. His cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis from the ventriculostomy showed xanthochromia and pleocytosis with neutrophilic predominance. CSF cultures showed no growth. Screening for tuberculosis, syphilis, and Strongyloides was negative. Pathology evaluation revealed an encysted Taenia solium organism (Figure 3). He was started on dual antihelminthic therapy consisting of albendazole and praziquantel. His hospital course was complicated by development of subdural collection within the middle cerebellum and ventricle.