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Leukemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Leukemia is cancer of the early blood-forming cells (lymphoid cells and myeloid cells). Most often, leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells causing a rise in the number of white blood cells that end up being too numerous and do not work properly. Some leukemias, however, can start in other blood cell types. People with leukemia are at significantly increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding. Other symptoms and signs include easy bruising, weight loss, night sweats, and unexplained fevers.1 Leukemia can affect children, but affects adults more often. Nothing can be done to prevent leukemia.
Total Body Irradiation
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Total body irradiation (TBI) is used primarily as part of the treatment for leukaemia, but hemi-body irradiation can also be used for pain control. For the treatment of leukaemia, the aim of myeloablative TBI conditioning is to destroy the patient's leukaemic bone marrow (the target) and then to replace it with a bone marrow transplant. Systemic diseases such as leukaemia are usually treated with chemotherapy. However, TBI is able to make two contributions to therapy (Barrett 1995; Hill-Kayser et al. 2011): Killing leukaemic cellsSuppressing the immune system to combat rejection of subsequent bone marrow transplants.
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The majority of pregnant women found to have leukemia are diagnosed during routine prenatal care. Signs and symptoms of acute leukemia include anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, fatigue, fever, infection, and evidence of a bleeding diathesis. Physical exam may demonstrate pallor, petechiae, or ecchymoses. The diagnosis of leukemia oftentimes is confirmed by bone marrow examination. However, it can be initially suspected when a peripheral blood smear demonstrates a normocytic, normochromic anemia with a mild to severe thrombocytopenia. Blast cells are virtually always present despite a normal or low white blood cell count (238). Additionally, if the patient presents with a leukocytosis, flow cytometry and cytogenetics of a peripheral blood sample can be sufficient for diagnosis.
An overview of the molecular and clinical significance of the angiopoietin system in leukemia
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2023
Saeed Zaka Khosravi, Samira Molaei Ramshe, Mehdi Allahbakhshian Farsani, Mohammadreza Moonesi, Faroogh Marofi, Majid Farshdousti Hagh
Leukemia is a group of blood malignancies that stem from the blood-forming tissues, namely bone marrow (BM). In the BM, abnormal and immature leukocytes called blasts are uncontrollably proliferated as they finally invade the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, causing metastasis. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), leukemia is estimated to cause 3.2% of all new cancer cases in 2022 and 3.9% of all cancer deaths in the United States [1]. A wide range of cases, from children to the elderly, maybe afflicted by this disorder. There are four essential types of leukemia depending on the type of predominant white blood cells in BM and other blood-forming tissues: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Each type has a different cellular and molecular origin, prognosis, and patients’ age pattern [2,3]. A combination of different causes is reported to account for leukemia subtypes in both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include cytogenetic complications such as Down syndrome, DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, and diversification in the expression of genes in signaling pathways, such as ones involved in blood cell proliferation and BM microenvironment [2,4].
Angiogenesis and anti-leukaemia activity of novel indole derivatives as potent colchicine binding site inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yongfang Yao, Tao Huang, Yuyang Wang, Longfei Wang, Siqi Feng, Weyland Cheng, Longhua Yang, Yongtao Duan
Leukaemia is a group of life-threatening malignant disorders of the blood and bone marrow which may present at all ages, from the newborn to the elderly. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common in early childhood and rare in adults whereas acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is less common than ALL in children but increasingly common in older adults.1 Progress in the treatment of leukaemia has been accelerated as a result of a better understanding of the pathophysiology of different leukemias and novel drugs. However, the five-year overall survival rate of some leukaemia patients, including AML, remains <30% and prognosis is grim for recurrent cases that have already undergone first-line induction therapy, with <10% surviving five years after relapse.2 Therefore, there is still an urgent need for new and effective treatment strategies for leukaemia, especially in relapsed and refractory cases.
A Novel Compound Plumercine from Plumeria alba Exhibits Promising Anti-Leukemic Efficacies against B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Aaheli Chatterjee, Amrita Pal, Santanu Paul
Leukemia, otherwise known as blood cancer is a type of haematological malignancy that is characterized by uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (1). The increased percentage of the abnormal WBCs, in turn, reduces the ability of the bone marrow cells and cuts down the production of platelets and red blood cells leading to effects of cytopenia (2). Leukemia is mainly of two types: acute and chronic. Out of them, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the first commonly diagnosed haematological malignant diseases that have been considered as a paradigm for cancer research for the last few decades by conducting wide-ranging therapeutic trials (3) ALL is a commonly diagnosed pediatric malignant hematologic disease that leads to uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblast precursor cells (4). ALL are of two types, Precursor B cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or B ALL and T cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or T ALL (5).