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DRCOG MCQs for Circuit C Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Causes of pruritus vulvae include:Crohn's disease.Iron deficiency anaemia.Lichen sclerosus.Lichen planus.Polycythaemia.
Nutrition
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
2.21. A child with moderate malnutrition following a chronic diarrhoeal illness is likely to havea greater fall off in length centile than of head circumference centile.muscle hypotonia.loss of turgor.hyperkalaemia.iron deficiency anaemia.
Nonhematological Manifestations of Iron Deficiency
Published in Bo Lönnerdal, Iron Metabolism in Infants, 2020
Certainly the most important function of iron in the body is its role in oxygen transport and storage. Therefore, the consequences of iron deficiency have traditionally focused on anemia which reduces maximum oxygen consumption and maximum work performance.4–6 Other consequences of iron deficiency anemia, especially in the severe forms, have been reported. These include shortened survival of erythrocytes in infants,7 effects of anemia on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels,8,9 reduced leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, decreased nitro-blue-tetrazolium (NBT) reduction ability, impaired liver growth, and generalized depression of DNA synthesis.10 The latter may lead to increased fetal resorption, decreased fetal size, and a large decrease in total fetal weight in rats.11–13 It has also been noted that rats with iron deficiency anemia show a significantly greater incidence of tongue tumors after exposure to carcinogen.14
Iron supplementation given to nonanemic infants: neurocognitive functioning at 16 years
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Patricia L. East, Brie Reid, Estela Blanco, Raquel Burrows, Betsy Lozoff, Sheila Gahagan
Two points are important to emphasize regarding our study. The first is that iron status was not determined for all infants at enrollment into the preventive trial. Rather, enrollment was based on hemoglobin at 6 months. Because we did not have additional iron indices at 6 months, some participants could have been iron-insufficient at entry into the trial. The current results pertain only to nonanemic infants and cannot directly address the issue of iron-repletion. Secondly, this was a population at high risk for iron deficiency in infancy, and iron supplementation was highly effective in reducing that risk. Infants randomized to the iron-supplemented condition in the preventive trial were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia at 7-times lower rates than those randomized to the no-added iron condition (4.5% vs. 31.7%, respectively). Thus, iron supplementation for the purpose of preventing iron-deficiency anemia remains important. The question is the optimal level of supplementation. Our study used formula fortified at the level of iron recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics at the time of the study (12.7 mg/L). Earlier results using the Chilean preventive trial sample showed that 2.3 mg/L of iron fortification in formula was sufficient to prevent IDA while resulting in better outcomes than fortification at the high level of iron supplementation [7,8]. Iron fortification in the lower range (2 mg/L) has been widely endorsed recently, with recommendations to stage formula iron content by age and breastfeeding status [25].
Evaluation of the reported rates of hypersensitivity reactions associated with iron dextran and ferric carboxymaltose based on global data from VigiBase™ and IQVIA™ MIDAS® over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2017
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Darshana Durup, Philip Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, Claes Christian Strom
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, anemia is the most common medical impairment in the world, affecting 1.95 billion people [1]. Anemia is most prevalent in the poorest regions of the world, though it is also problematic in developed countries, with the most vulnerable population groups being young children, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age [2,3]. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency, responsible for more than half of cases [3]. There are many causes of iron deficiency, including malnutrition, the increased iron demand of pregnancy, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease or inflammatory bowel disease, and the increasing prevalence of bariatric surgery [4]. Iron deficiency anemia is harmful, being associated with impaired cognitive development in children, increased morbidity, adverse outcomes in pregnancy, and reduced work capacity [5]. Oral iron formulations are beneficial for some patients with iron deficiency anemia, but their use is limited by gastrointestinal side effects which can result in nonadherence to treatment [4,6]. Intravenous (IV) iron formulations, consisting of iron–carbohydrate complexes, are generally recommended in cases where oral iron is inefficient, poorly tolerated, or poorly absorbed [7,8].
Iron deficiency and cyanotic breath-holding spells: The effectiveness of iron therapy
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2018
Sherifa A. Hamed, Eman Fathalla Gad, Tahra Kamel Sherif
Spells were defined as described in the literature by the following clinical sequence: provocation followed by crying to a point of noiselessness (as the child’s breathing stopping in expiration after a deep inspiration during crying) and accompanying change of color (cyanosis) and loss of consciousness with/without alteration in body tone or body jerks.1 We categorized spells according to their frequency as follow: mild: less than 1 per week, moderate: 1–3 spells per week and high: 4 or more spells per week. Patients were divided according to iron status into three groups: Group 1: children with cyanotic breath holding spells and iron deficiency without anemia. iron deficiency (without anemia) is defined by normal hemoglobin, reduced serum ferritin, without or with reduced serum iron; and/or transferrin saturation; and high levels of total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (as iron store is reflected by the falling of serum ferritin), Group 2: children with cyanotic breath holding spells and Iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is defined by iron deficiency and reduced hemoglobin. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when there is no iron for hemesynthesis21 and Group 3: children with cyanotic breath holding spells and normal iron status.