China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Trace Mineral Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Kavitha Krishnan, Julianne Werner
Iron deficiency may present as fatigue, sleepiness, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea.18 Additional physical characteristics may include pallor, glossitis, koilonychia, pale conjunctivae, and pale gum color.2,19 Patients can also exhibit extreme sensitivity to cold temperatures, increased susceptibility to infections and even an increase in lead absorption.2,18 Iron deficiency can also cause restless leg syndrome.20
Anemia (Microcytic)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Iron deficiency (e.g., due to blood loss, iron deficient diet, or celiac disease) is the most common cause of anemia in the world. Other causes of microcytic anemia include copper and pyridoxine deficiencies, thalassemia, pregnancy, chronic diseases (infec-tions, inflammation, celiac disease, and cancer), and lead poisoning. Symptoms include thin or brittle fingernails, pale skin, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath after exercise, resting tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) > 100 bpm, cold skin, and loss of appetite.‘
Maternal Anemia
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Ashley E. Benson, Marcela C. Smid
Usually asymptomatic, unless hemoglobin <6 to 7 g/dL. Iron deficiency is associated with symptoms of fatigue, headache, hair loss, poor concentration, pica (including pagophagia), restless legs syndrome, and reduced physical performance.
Polycythemia vera: aspects of its current diagnosis and initial treatment
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2023
Richard T Silver, Ghaith Abu-Zeinah
Whereas most hematologists agree that the target HCT value should be 45%, we recommend that this number should be sex-adjusted to 42% for women because of testosterone-driven differences in average red blood cell values between men and women [58,62]. There are hazards in diagnosis and/or in treatment using the HCT, a derived value, especially when iron deficiency coexists or when a patient is receiving HU, which causes macrocytosis. Whereas the target HCT value is no longer in dispute, therapy to maintain it at the respective levels in men and women remains contentious. Phlebotomy-only as a maintenance therapy is still employed in areas even where financial issues are not of importance. In our opinion, PHL-O as a treatment regimen is ill-advised for two major reasons: first, most patients with PV are quite symptomatic at onset. The development of iron deficiency of varying degrees of severity only adds to the symptom burden of the patient. Moreover, the development of severe iron deficiency has its own clinical issues and hazards, and a multitude of laboratory abnormalities which also develop. Second, evidence suggests that PHL-O may also predispose to the early development of myelofibrosis [22] and worse survival outcomes [1].
Re-defining iron deficiency in patients with heart failure
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
J. J. Cuthbert, N. Ransome, A. L. Clark
Iron plays a key role in oxygen metabolism. It is the oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, mediates the cellular response to erythropoietin, and regulates the maturation of hematopoietic stem cells [22]. The symptoms of iron deficiency are frequently interpreted as dysfunction in these pathways. However, iron has a more fundamental role in human physiology: iron in its ferrous state (Fe2+) is a highly efficient electron donor. The electron(s) released by oxidation of Fe2+ to ferric (Fe3+) or ferryl (Fe4+) iron acts as a catalyst for multiple biochemical reactions [23]. For example, iron is essential for neutralization of potentially harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of the Haber-Weiss chain reaction [24], and iron-containing proteins are central to mitochondrial respiratory-chain function (Figure 1) [25].
Timing of iron deficiency and recognition memory in infancy
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Fengji Geng, Xiaoqin Mai, Jianying Zhan, Lin Xu, Michael Georgieff, Jie Shao, Betsy Lozoff
Iron deficiency (or iron-deficient, ID) affects an estimated 2 billion people worldwide, 20–30% of whom are pregnant women and young children [1]. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy is associated with poorer developmental outcomes, with deficits that persist despite iron therapy [2]. However, most earlier studies focused on ID identified during the period of peak prevalence (6–24 months) and did not consider iron status at birth. Fetal-neonatal ID was largely ignored due to the previous assumption that the fetus is protected from maternal ID. Studies now show that the fetus is only partly buffered [2]. Because ID is common in pregnancy, it is important to assess potential neurodevelopmental effects of fetal-neonatal ID and determine if they differ from those observed with postnatal ID. Identifying such patterns may help better understand the relationship between ID and infant development and point to opportunities to improve prevention and intervention.