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Trace Mineral Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Kavitha Krishnan, Julianne Werner
Ascorbic acid facilitates the absorption of iron, thus iron supplements should be taken with foods high in vitamin C.27 Tea tannins, phytates and certain medications such as antacids should be avoided since they may hinder the absorption of iron.2 Taking iron supplements on an empty stomach increases absorption, as a lower gastric pH keeps the iron in a soluble form, thereby making it available for absorption.28 Constipation and nausea are common side effects of iron supplements; delayed-release forms may be better tolerated in these cases, although they may not be absorbed as well as other forms.2 Prolonged iron supplementation may also cause a mild copper deficiency.29
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Minerals
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Iron supplements to athletes with normal iron status have been shown in a few studies to improve iron status.607,623,631 Other studies have not found changes in iron status.615,632–637 In the only study that examined performance after iron supplementation, no changes in VO2max were found, although the subjects were sedentary.615
Nutrition and the human lifecycle
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
During pregnancy, the plasma volume increases by around 1.5 L and the red cell mass by 200–250 ml. This means that during a normal pregnancy the large increase in plasma volume causes a fall in haematocrit and blood haemoglobin concentration despite an increase in the number of circulating red cells and the amount of circulating haemoglobin. This physiological fall in haemoglobin concentration in pregnancy was historically interpreted as iron deficiency anaemia and iron supplements have traditionally been given to pregnant women. The American RDAs clearly suggest that universal iron supplementation in pregnancy should continue. Iron supplements often cause adverse gastrointestinal symptoms and it is likely that many of them are not actually taken.
Effect of Diets Varying in Iron and Saturated Fat on the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Inflammation: A Crossover Feeding Study among Older Females with Obesity
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Patricia G. Wolf, Beatriz Penalver Bernabe, Manoela Lima Oliveira, Alyshia Hamm, Andrew McLeod, Sarah Olender, Karla Castellanos, Brett R. Loman, H. Rex Gaskins, Marian Fitzgibbon, Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
There is evidence that excess iron in the human gut may produce an environment conducive to colorectal carcinogenesis (32). Iron is involved in the formation of reactive oxidative species and N-nitroso compounds in the gut lumen leading to oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (33). Furthermore, oral iron supplementation has been shown to support the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with increased markers of colonic inflammation (34). However, data linking iron and CRC has been merely suggestive due to the paucity of studies examining these associations in humans. In addition, of the few human iron interventions, the majority have focused on consumption of oral iron supplements or iron fortified foods in individuals suffering from malnutrition (35). Since the form of iron and the composition of the food matrix impacts iron bioavailability (36), and therefore, may impact gut microbial composition (37–39) and the production of DNA damaging compounds (40, 41); it is clear that interventions that diverge in dietary iron amount and composition among adequately nourished and over-nourished individuals is needed to understand possible mechanisms linking dietary iron intake and CRC.
Renal and Hepatic Disease: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius as Diet Therapy Proposal for Prevention and Treatment
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Maria Lilibeth Manzanilla Valdez, Maira Rubi Segura Campos
Vitamin B12 supplementation is recommended. Most supplements need vitamin B12 to have synergy and perform their expected function.Oral iron supplements. It is recommended to administer it two hours before or one hour after the chelators of phosphorus, in order to increase its absorption at the intestinal level. It should not be eaten in conjunction with legumes, cereals or products with a high content of tannins (36).Intravenous iron: iron saccharate (Venofer). All active forms have been associated with adverse effects of immunological type. Anaphylactic reactions are very frequent in iron without dextran, such as venofer (36).Human recombinant erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). The r-HuEPO has two forms, alpha and beta, indicated in the treatment of CKD. The r-HuEPo stimulates erythropoiesis, which in patients with CKD has been affected. The European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG) states that patients in stages 3–5 must be treated with agents that stimulate erythropoietin, in addition to the addition of oral iron. In patients on replacement therapy the use of r-HuEPO is mandatory, especially in patients on PD (20).
Questions and answers on iron deficiency treatment selection and the use of intravenous iron in routine clinical practice
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Toby Richards, Christian Breymann, Matthew J. Brookes, Stefan Lindgren, Iain C. Macdougall, Lawrence P. McMahon, Malcolm G. Munro, Elizabeta Nemeth, Giuseppe M. C. Rosano, Ingolf Schiefke, Günter Weiss
The treatment goal is to refill iron stores and in cases of anaemia, normalize Hb concentration. Oral iron supplements are absorbed across the small intestinal epithelium, mainly in the duodenum, via iron transporters (DMT1 and ferroportin) on the apical and basolateral surface of enterocytes (Figure 1). Only ∼10% of intestinal iron is absorbed on average [18]. Thus, of the common therapeutic oral dose of 60–180 mg elemental iron, less than 20 mg is absorbed per day, meaning that theoretically 10–30 days of continuous iron supplementation may be required to achieve a 10 g/L increase in Hb, and as long as 6 months to fully normalize Hb levels and replenish iron stores in anaemic patients. When given orally, residual iron supplement remains largely unabsorbed in the digestive tract, which can injure intestinal surfaces and alter the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to gastrointestinal side-effects.