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Leukemias
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Most patients present with non-specific features of ineffective hematopoiesis, particularly anemia and cytopenias, and clinical heterogeneity. The respective MDS/MPN subtypes are typically identified by the type of myeloid subset that predominates in the peripheral blood.135 For example, CMML and JMML are characterized by a unique expansion of PB monocytes that are CD14+ and CD16− and enhancement of in vitro sensitivity to GM-CSF; many of these monocytes also express high levels of CD123. Constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly are present in about half of patients with CMML; hepatomegaly and extramedullary involvement (skin and lymph nodes) is present less frequently. Patients with proliferative type CMML are enriched for RAS pathway mutations and may have a higher risk of transformation than other subtypes. MDS/ MPN-RS-T is hallmarked by thrombocytosis and medullary ring sideroblasts, while MDS/MPN-U has no clear association with a specific myeloid subset but instead, is identified by the presence of clinical and/or pathologic manifestations of myeloproliferation and BM failure.
Translating the Medical Record
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Blood studies assess disorders of cell production (hematopoiesis), synthesis, and function. Examination of the blood and bone marrow are the primary means of determining blood disorders. Venipuncture is used to procure larger samples of blood for testing. Bone marrow specimens are obtained through needle biopsy or aspiration. A hemogram includes platelet count, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and indices. A complete blood count (CBC) includes a hemogram plus differential count.
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Patients infected with HTLV-1 have a 5% lifetime risk of developing ATL. Unlike Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which is indirectly associated with development of malignancy, HTLV-1 is oncogenic and directly transforms lymphocytes. There is generally a significant latency period between infection and the development of ATL. The average age of onset of ATL is higher in Japan than in the Caribbean and Brazil although the reason for this difference is not known [46]. The Shimoyama classification is used to categorize cases of ATL into acute, lymphomatous, smoldering and chronic varieties [47]. In general, chronic and smoldering subtypes have hematologic abnormalities with at most skin and pulmonary lesions. Histologically proven lymphadenopathy defines lymphoma subtype. Acute ATL is characterized by tumor burden, lymph and hematologic involvement, and hypercalcemia. Prognosis ranges from 4–6 months survival for acute subtype to >5 years for smoldering subtype. Treatments depend on the subtype and include monitoring, chemotherapy, antiviral therapy, allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies [48].
Chemoprotection by Kolaviron of Garcinia kola in Benzene-induced leukemogenesis in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Olaniyi Solomon Ola, Esther Oladayo Ogunkanmbi, Emmanuel Babatife Opeodu
The global impact of hematopoietic malignancy and cancer at large on the health of people and economy of nation is becoming more worrisome [1]. Hematopoietic malignancies are diverse groups of disorders that include plasma cell tumors, lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplasia (MDS), mastocytosis and leukemias. The etiology of hematopoietic malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemia includes the exposure to environmental factors such as benzene, radiation and some chemotherapies [2]. Myelodysplasia is a hematopoietic disease that has its origin in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment with variable degrees of cytopenias, morphological dysplasia and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia [3]. The symptoms of myelodysplasia include anemia, cytopenias, morphological dysplasia of precursor and mature bone marrow blood cells [4,5]. Myelodysplastic syndromes also called myelodysplasia are usually referred to as the premalignant condition as incurement of additional genetic abnormalities may lead to the transformation of MDS into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia is majorly a cancer of the white blood cells and bone marrow and present in most common form of cancer in children worldwide where it remains the second leading cause of death in children [6,7]. Currently among males, it is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer and 8th leading cause of male cancer mortality in 2020 [1].
Primary Immunodeficiency and Thrombocytopenia
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Maryam Mohtashami, Azadehsadat Razavi, Hassan Abolhassani, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Reza Yazdani
Cytokines are served as immune signaling molecules to regulate the immune responses and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are one of the most important factors regulated immune cells function, therefore defect in the synthesis or secretion of them contributes to immune system dysfunction [185]. Some cytokines including TPO, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, stem cell factor (SCF) and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) effect on thrombopoiesis process [186]. On the other hand, an increased level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in ITP patients represent cytokine-induced platelet apoptosis [187]. Although, all groups of IEI may be associated with cytokine network imbalance, group 6 and 10 exclusively involved in defective cytokine. Defect in innate and intrinsic immunity is categorized in group 6. This group includes congenital mutations that encode interferons, toll-like receptors (TLR), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and genes involved in signaling innate and acquired immune pathways [58].. As shown in Table 2, some gene mutations in these groups are accompanied by thrombocytopenia that will be explained in the following paragraph.
Future perspective: metabolism as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia – from Warburg to precision medicine
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Kimberley Joanne Hatfield, Ida Sofie Grønningsaeter, Håkon Reikvam
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive form of blood cancer, characterized by the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts, resulting in impaired hematopoiesis and bone marrow failure1,2. Its incidence is only 2.5–3 per 100.000, and median age at diagnosis is 65–70 years2, although pediatric patients are also affected. Treatment opportunities include intensive chemotherapy regimen, eventually followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although there has been progress in treatment in recent years, the prognosis remains dismal, with <50% of younger patients surviving the disease3. For older patients (>65 years of age), who cannot receive the most intensive therapy because of high degree of treatment-related morbidity and mortality, the prognosis is even worse, with very few surviving the disease4.