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Significant Advancements in Cancer Diagnosis Using Machine Learning
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Gurmanik Kaur, Ajat Shatru Arora
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is induced by immature cells within the stem cells. Leukemia cells spread quickly throughout the body and can impact a large portion of the blood and bone-forming cells. Although repetitive and myeloid leukemia are uncommon in children, active childhood leukemia is the most common type. The pathology of leukemic cell development and progeny has been lengthened using particular biological methodologies. This type of hematogenic cell increase is referred to as leukemia. Acute leukemia causes more than 20% of bone marrow blasts. If not treated and managed promptly, it could progress quickly and take one’s life within months [15,16].
Cardiac diseases in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Saravanan Kuppuswamy, Sudarshan Balla
Ionizing radiation, depending on the dose and the gestational age, may pose risks to the fetus. During the first few weeks after conception, a maternal dose of 0.1 Gy results in a 0.1% increase in abortions over the naturally occurring spontaneous abortion rate of 25% to 50%. The period of organogenesis (2–8 weeks) is critically important. A dose of 0.1 Gy is estimated to produce a 1% increase in the frequency of congenital fetal abnormalities (135). After 8 weeks of gestation, the primary effect of radiation exposure is an increased incidence of childhood leukemia. A dose of 0.01 Gy may increase the frequency of malignant disease by up to 11 cases per 1,000,000 live births (135).
Pathology and Epidemiology
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
In the identification of and differentiation between forms of childhood leukemia and lymphoma, cytochemical techniques again assume great importance. When considering the lymphoblastic leukemias, those of T-cell origin demonstrate strong staining for acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase in coarse granules. In contrast, B-cell lymphomas are negative to both of these investigations, and the non-B, non-T cell tumors show only weak positivity.36 Coarse PAS-positive granules are found in the cytoplasm of both T-cell and non-B, non-T cell leukemias, while none are seen in B-cell leukemias. The different types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma tend to show similar cytochemical reactions to their leukemic counterparts.
Polymorphisms of inflammation-related genes and susceptibility to childhood leukemia: evidence from a meta-analysis of 16 published studies
Published in Hematology, 2023
Qiuping Zeng, Haoyan Ren, Cui Liu, Ting Liu, Yongwu Xie, Xiufu Tang
Although the etiology of childhood leukemia is complex, genetic susceptibility has been considered as an important contributor [5]. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that involves a single base-pair substitution to influence the expression or function of genes is the most common type for genetic susceptibility [6]. There is mounting evidence to support the important role that inflammation plays in the development and progression of leukemia [7]. The levels of several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ, IL-12 and IL-10 were found to be significantly higher in children with ALL compared with the controls [8,9]. Elevated IL-4, IL-10, IL-2, TNF-α and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were shown to be significantly associated with higher relapse rates or/and lower survival rates in pediatric leukemia patients [10–12]. IL-7 was demonstrated to mediate the viability, growth and proliferation of T-ALL cells via activation of the STAT5 pathway [13]. The highly expressed IL-10 may help AML cells to evade immune surveillance by driving their stemness via activation of the PI3 K/AKT signal pathway [14]. Hence, functional SNPs in inflammatory genes may represent candidate biomarkers for the risk prediction of childhood leukemia.
Involvement of Sphingolipid Metabolism Enzymes in Resveratrol-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood leukemia, which accounts for almost 30% of all pediatric leukemia cases. Although 80% of ALL occurs in children, it is also the second most common acute leukemia in adults with more severe outcomes (1). ALL is characterized by abnormal proliferation and accumulation of either malignant and immature B-cell (B-ALL) or T-cell (T-ALL) lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and blood (2). ALL cells carry various genetic abnormalities including mutations and chromosomal translocations in the genes required for lymphoid development and survival (1–3). Identification of such aberrations has been contributed to our understanding of ALL pathogenesis and used to develop new targeted therapeutics including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and cellular therapies which might be effective in addition to conventional multi-agent intense chemotherapy (3).
Summary of Radiation Research Society Online 66th Annual Meeting, Symposium on “Epidemiology: Updates on epidemiological low dose studies,” including discussion
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Cato M. Milder, Gerald M. Kendall, Aryana Arsham, Helmut Schöllnberger, Richard Wakeford, Harry M. Cullings, Mark P. Little
A number of national record-based studies of childhood cancer and natural background radiation have been undertaken. These have been reviewed by Mazzei-Abba et al. (2020). Since that review further studies have been published by Berlivet et al. (2020) and Nikkilä et al. (2020). Results from these studies have been mixed. The results of five studies of childhood leukemia and natural background radiation have been compared (Kendall et al. 2021; Mazzei-Abba et al. 2020). Two studies, from Great Britain (GB) (Kendall et al. 2013) and from Switzerland (Spycher et al. 2015), found positive associations between radiation dose and cancer incidence and were statistically significant. The study from Germany (Spix et al. 2017) found a positive association, but was not significant; that from Finland (Nikkilä et al. 2016) found a negative association, and was also not significant. Nevertheless, the results of these four studies appear broadly similar, given the uncertainties that must be expected, and the small size of the some of the studies. The fifth study, set in France (Demoury et al. 2017) appears different, not so much because of its central estimate of risk (a relative risk 1.00, so no association between leukemia rates and gamma-ray doses), but because of its exceptionally (and puzzlingly) tight confidence interval 0.99 − 1.01, while the distribution of gamma dose rates is much as in the GB study (Kendall et al. 2013). With these results it is hard to draw firm conclusions. More studies and perhaps pooled studies of those that have been published will hopefully make the picture clearer.