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Effects of Human Hemoglobin on Bacterial Endotoxin In Vitro and In Vivo
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Our data suggest that hemoglobin-based blood substitutes, which are currently undergoing clinical trials (53,54), may intensify the potentially fatal effects of the sepsis syndrome in patients with trauma, infection, or hypotension who receive hemoglobin for red blood cell replacement. Others have also recently expressed concern about the potential danger of administration of hemoglobin-based red blood cell substitutes to patients with sepsis, ischemia, or shock (the latter two clinical conditions can predispose to the development of en dotoxemia, even if endotoxin is not the precipitating cause of ischemia or hypotension) (13,55,56). There fore, Hb should be administered to such patients with caution and thorough serial physiological observations performed in order to detect any worsening of signs or symptoms that may be attributable to endotoxemia and the sepsis syndrome.
Concepts of Replacement Therapy: Blood Components, Blood Derivatives, and Medications
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Since no blood substitute is currently available, only a brief mention will be made here. Stroma-free hemoglobin solutions, in which free hemoglobin (obtained from outdated human or porcine red blood cells) has been separated from red blood cell membranes, must be modified to prevent the significant side effects associated with its use. However, the efficient oxygen-carrying capabilities of this product hold great promise. Several manufacturers have products now in advanced clinical trials. Hemoglobin produced by recombinant DNA techniques is also under investigation. Perflourochemicals have also been studied as a plasma oxygen carrier. It should be noted that these products can only serve to substitute for one function of blood, oxygen transport, and will not replace red blood cell transfusions in most settings (29).
Future Developments of Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy (MRS) in Clinical Examinations
Published in Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg, Health and Safety of Clinical NMR Examinations, 2019
Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg
Blood substitutes,such as Fluorosol-DA, consist of an emulsion of two perfluorocarbons which is concentrated in reticuloendothelial organs, such as the liver and spleen. In vivo NMR images of liver and spleen have been obtained in rats and rabbits treated with clinical doses of fluorosol.36,39 The results of these studies indicate possible future applications of 19F-NMR in the study of diseases affecting the RES system, particularly the liver and spleen.
The role of artificial cells in the fight against COVID-19: deliver vaccine, hemoperfusion removes toxic cytokines, nanobiotherapeutics lower free radicals and pCO2 and replenish blood supply
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Thus, PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA can help to solve the critical and severe donor blood supply crisis, especially for the following situations [63,64].Cardic. Cancer and other urgent Surgery that requires the use of donor blood.Accidents, disasters, or conflicts resulting in severe blood loss require an immediate urgent blood transfusion.Arterial obstruction can lead to heart attack and stroke. Blood substitute being a solution can perfuse through partially obstructed vessels to reach the heart and brain.There are many medical conditions that may need donor blood. However, blood substitutes are only good for shorter term use in more acute conditions.If condition does not allow for rbc to be stored in the frig, lyophilised nanobiotherapeutic can be stored at room temperature for 1 year [65].
Synthesis and characterisation of aqueous haemoglobin-based microcapsules coated by genipin-cross-linked albumin
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Kai Melvin Schakowski, Jürgen Linders, Katja Bettina Ferenz, Michael Kirsch
Shortage on erythrocytes always coincides with shortage on long-term oxygen supply, as a sufficient quota of haemoglobin must be assured in order to secure adequate sustenance. Due to scarcity on RBCs, alternative ways of sustaining blood oxygen levels must be deduced. Within the last years artificial blood substitutes have gained more and more attention because of the above mentioned decrease of available RBCs (Ruchalla 2013, Njoku et al.2015, Chung et al.2016, Ellingson et al.2017, Taguchi et al.2017, Ferenz and Steinbicker 2019). Since the application of a pure solution of haemoglobin is impractical due to the enormous nephrotoxicity and short circulation time (Chang 2006), several different attempts have been made to create biocompatible artificial oxygen carriers, based on either perfluorocarbons or haemoglobin that needs to be encapsulated in protective shells in any case (Bauer et al.2010, von Storp et al.2012, Ferenz et al.2013, Sakai et al.2013, Stephan et al.2014, Wrobeln et al.2017a, 2017b).
Increasing the stability of Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin via poly(acrylic acid) conjugation
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Kyle Spivack, Matthew Tucker, Devon Zimmerman, Matthew Nicholas, Osheiza Abdulmalik, Noelle Comolli, Jacob Elmer
In addition to being thermally stable, blood substitutes must also be sterilized prior to transfusion. It is possible to remove most microbes with a 0.22 μm filter, but viruses are typically much smaller and are eliminated via denaturation at high temperatures (e.g. autoclaving or pasteurization). Since a previous study by Mudhivarthi et al. [12] showed that conjugating human haemoglobin (HbA) to PAA produced conjugates that could be autoclaved without denaturation or aggregation, we performed similar experiments with native LtEc, LP, and LPE samples, as shown in Figure 5. As expected, autoclaving the native protein yielded a fully denatured and oxidized (brown) aggregate (Figure 5(A)). In contrast, the LP and LPE samples could be autoclaved without aggregating, but they both changed color from red to brown (Figure 5(B,C)) and their absorbance spectra showed a complete loss of the Q-bands (data not shown).