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Anesthetic Agents and Surgery during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Several maternal physiologic changes occur during pregnancy (Table 6.1), and the most marked is expansion of the maternal blood volume by up to 50 percent. Increased blood volume is caused by a plasma volume increase of approximately 1000 cc and a 300–500 cc increase in red cells. This usually results in lower hematocrit compared to the non-pregnant woman, and is commonly known as physiologic anemia of pregnancy. Increased renal blood flow is a result of the increase in blood volume. Accordingly, the glomerular filtration rate increases (as measured by the endogenous creatinine clearance) because of increased blood volume. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen decrease because of dilution by increased plasma volume. Other changes in the renal system include dilatation of the ureters and a relative stasis of urine, resulting in a “relative” hydronephrosis. The relative hydronephrosis is frequently more pronounced on the right than on the left side.
Maternal Anemia
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Ashley E. Benson, Marcela C. Smid
Anemia may be inherited or acquired. Table 14.6 describes anemia by its pathophysiological mechanism. Anemia in pregnancy can be cause by decreased red blood cell production (nutritional deficiencies including iron, vitamin B12, folate, decreased absorption, chronic disease, infection, bone marrow suppression, hormonal deficiencies), increased red blood cell destruction (inherited hemolytic anemias, acquired hemolytic anemias) and blood loss.
Traditional Beliefs and Practices Regarding Pregnancy of Acehnese Woman: A Qualitative Approach
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Darmawati, Masyithah Audina, Tongku Nizwan Siregar, Hajjul Kamil, Teuku Tahlil
In addition, cultural value also prohibits pregnant women from consuming protein-rich foods such as crabs and meat because it can make babies born disabled and naughty. The prohibition on consuming crabs and meat should be avoided because both contain high protein and omega 3 which contain unsaturated fats. These foods also contain iron which can prevent anemia in pregnancy (Darmawati, Tahlil, Siregar, Kamil, & Audina, 2018). However, consuming crabs and meat must be properly cooked and hygienically processed. Pregnant women must also ensure to the health care providers before consume it especially if the body’s cholesterol levels are not controlled (Malachi, 2019). In Islam, the word of Allah SWT in Al-Qur’an also mentions the prohibition to consume something in excessive amounts. Allah SWT encourages not to overeat, because it will have a bad impact on health. This value is found in QS. Al-A’raf: 31 which means “Children of Adam, dress well whenever you are at worship, and drink (as We have permitted) but do not be extravagant; God does not like extravagant people”.
Study on the Effect of Severity of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia on Regulators of Angiogenesis in Placenta
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
Mullapudi Venkata Surekha, Sapna Singh, Krishnakumar Sarada, Gummadi Sailaja, Nagalla Balakrishna, Myadara Srinivas, Putcha Uday Kumar
Anemia in pregnancy was defined as Hb <11.0 g/dl [11]. Furthermore, anemia was categorized by the WHO criteria as: mild anemia (Hb 10–11 g/dl), moderate anemia (Hb 7–9.9 g/dl), and severe anemia (Hb <7 g/dl). The following cut off values for red blood cell (RBC) indices as suggested by WHO and Centers for Disease Control and prevention [12] on pregnant women were used: RBC <3.8 × 1012 cells/l, hematocrit <32%, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <76 fl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) <26 pg, MCHC <32 g/dl, red cell distribution width (RDW) >14.5%, SFr <12 ng/ml, and hemoglobin distribution width (HDW) >3.2 g/dl (CDC 1998). SFr was estimated using ferritin SA ELISA kit (Calbiotech), while sTfR was estimated using human transferrin receptors ELISA kit (Qayee-Bio Ltd). After delivery, the placentas were collected in 10% buffered formalin and transported to the histopathology laboratory of NIN. After overnight fixation in 10% buffered formalin, four sections were taken of about 2–4 cm from either side of the center of the placenta, away from the margins and close to the maternal surface. The tissues were then processed in an automatic tissue processor, embedded in paraffin, and 5 μm thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The stained sections were then studied under a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse E800) by 2 histopathologists and relevant images were captured by a digital camera attached to the microscope.
Impact and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women’s health
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Fadi G. Mirza, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Christian Breymann, Ian S. Fraser, Ali Taher
Despite the high prevalence of iron deficiency among women, there is insufficient awareness of the serious long-term clinical consequences if this condition remains undiagnosed and untreated.Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia increase morbidity and negatively impact QoL, with HMB being the leading cause of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age.Serum ferritin is the most reliable indicator of iron deficiency when inflammation or chronic disease is not present, whereby levels below 30 µg/L indicate iron deficiency.The presence of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can lead to serious health complications for both the mother and offspring.Oral iron therapy is often administered as a first-line treatment for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia; however, in cases of inadequate response or intolerance to oral iron, or where large volumes or rapid replacement of iron is required, IV administration is recommended.
Maternal morbidity and mortality in ElShatby and Dar Ismail maternity hospitals in Alexandria: A comparative study
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Sahar khashab, Nermeen S. El Beltagy, Dina Badie
The main maternal morbidity in this study was anemia that was present in about half of the women (51.8%) in both hospitals with no significant difference. In relation to the WHO systemic review which states that anemia in pregnancy shouldn‘t exceed 4.5%, the results of this study show very high rates of anemia. Perhaps, the causes are the high prevalence of schistosomiasis, high rate of hepatic diseases, high number of parity, short interval between pregnancies, and poor dietary habits, especially in rural areas of Egypt. Regardless, the high anemia figure coincides with what WHO reported that 35% to 75% (56% on average) of pregnant women in developing countries and 18% of women from industrialized countries are anemic.12