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A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Per Rytting (2012), acute leukemia occurs when there is malevolent transformation happens in the hematopoietic cells with abnormal existence. The two different cells such as ALL or acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) proliferate unusually, substituting normal bone marrow tissue and hematopoietic cells, which induce anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia.
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
HTLV-1 is a cell-associated virus and transmission occurs through routes which promote lymphocyte transfer between individuals. These routes include breastfeeding, blood transfusion, sexual contact, and intravenous drug use. In the United States, all blood donated for transfusion is screened for seropositivity to HTLV-1. The majority of persons infected with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers with only one in 1,000–2000 persons developing leukemia after a long latent period. The mean age of onset of the disease is fifty-five years, with a 1.4:1 male to female patient ratio. Clinical manifestations of the acute leukemia include general malaise, fever, cough, dyspnea, lymph node enlargement, hepatosplenomegaly, and jaundice. The prognosis of the leukemia is very poor. Mean survival times range from six to twenty-four months depending upon the clinical subtype.
Cancer
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Elyce Cardonick, Charlotte Maggen, Puja Patel
Acute leukemia is one of the cancers which can affect perinatal outcome. The earlier the diagnosis is made in pregnancy, the higher the perinatal mortality. Pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia are at higher risk for miscarriage, intrauterine fetal demise, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction, unrelated to cancer treatment [9, 74]. Suspected etiologies include maternal anemia, DIC, or leukemic cells affecting blood flow and nutrient exchange in the intervillous spaces of the placenta, and decreased oxygen transport to the fetus [74]. When intensive chemotherapy is given in pregnancy, complete remission is achieved in 75% of patients and survival is comparable to matched non-pregnant women [74].
Establishment and validation of prognostic nomogram in acute leukemia with trisomy 8
Published in Hematology, 2023
Tianxia Deng, Sheng Wang, Zhuonan Ran, Qiulian Liu, Mingxia Wang
Acute leukemia is a common cancer in children and adults under 35 years of age, which has a high degree of heterogeneity. So far, there are more than 2 million children with leukemia in China, and the number of new cases continues to grow at a rate of 30,000–40,000 per year [9]. Complex chromosome abnormalities have been reported in most leukemia patients [10]. Acute leukemia is characterized by cytogenetic and molecular biological abnormalities and patients have varying susceptibility to treatment, leading to different prognosis in acute leukemia patients [11]. Chromosome 8 contains multiple genetic disease pathogenic genes, accounting for approximately 1.5% of the total number of genes, 16% of which are associated with cancer development [12]. Trisomy 8 means common cytogenetic alterations in acute leukemia, with an incidence of 10%∼15%. Chromosome 8 is strongly associated with alterations in DNA methylation genes, spliceosome complex genes and myeloid transcription factor genes in acute leukemia, and these alterations may have a significant impact on the development and prognosis of leukemia [13]. Studies in the past decades have shown that survival rates of acute leukemia patients have not improved, with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 27% in adult patients. Although acute myeloid leukemia patients are treated with standard treatments such as anthracyclines and cytarabine therapy, it is difficult to treat patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, with a 3-year survival rate below 10% for patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia [14, 15].
GC-MS Profiling and Antineoplastic Activity of Pelargonium Inquinans Ait Leaves on Acute Leukaemia Cell Lines U937 and Jurkat
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Ogochukwu Izuegbuna, Gloria A. Otunola, Graeme Bradley
Acute leukemia is a malignant blood disorder that is characterized by the proliferation of immature bone-marrow-derived blood cells. Acute leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children9. While the disease is treated with chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, it often relapses and is sometimes resistant to chemotherapy. These problems make the development of newer drugs and the use of alternative medicine approach necessary. Inflammatory mediators such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme are known to mediate some biological processes10 as well as cell proliferation and metastasis 11. Previous studies reported showed that some members of the family Geraniaceae have cytotoxic activity on cancer cell lines6,12. The objective of this study is to determine the anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effect of another member of the Geraniaceae, Pelargonium inquinans Ait on acute leukemia cell lines. The results of this study show that crude extracts of Pelargonium inquinans exert anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects on acute leukemia cell lines. This is the first reported study of the anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity of Pelargonium inquinans Ait on acute leukemia cell lines. This study demonstrates the potential of Pelargonium inquinans Ait as a complementary agent in the management of acute leukemia.
Impact of pre-transplantation minimal residual disease (MRD) on the outcome of Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia
Published in Hematology, 2021
Xing Shen, Jing Pan, Chenchen Qi, Yuan Feng, Hanxin Wu, Sixuan Qian, Hua Lu, Lijuan Chen, Jianyong Li, Kourong Miao, Hairong Qiu, Han Zhu
Acute leukemia is a common kind of hematological malignant tumor. Although low-risk patients can obtain a longer survival time and good prognosis from intensive chemotherapy, the only choice for high-risk patients to prolong survival time is HSCT. Relapse is the major reason that limits the efficacy of HSCT and leads to the failure of transplantation. Residual leukemia cells in patients are the main cause of disease relapse. The OS and PFS for no remission (NR) patients are significantly lower than those for CR patients, and the cumulative relapse rate is also significantly higher than that of remission patients [9,10]. However, even if the patient is in CR status, the MRD may be detected in some patients. MRD can be detected by flow cytometry (FCM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) or next generation sequencing (NGS) [11,12]. The detection of MRD is critical for predicting the outcome of transplantation and for selecting the intensity of further treatment strategy [13–15].