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The Effects of Fenugreek on Controlling Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Zahra Ayati, Nazli Namazi, Mohammad Hossein Ayati, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Dennis Chang
Diabetes is a complex condition which is highly prevalent worldwide. It is generally characterised by hyperglycaemia, which can lead to multiple body system damage and dysfunction. There are two main types of diabetes; type 1, also referred as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is caused by impaired insulin production. Type 2, however, is commonly associated with the inability of cells to respond to insulin due to insulin resistance and therefore is referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is the predominant form of diabetes and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (2). Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark metabolic abnormality associated with diabetes. Diabetes is a leading cause of coronary heart disease, renal failure, visual impairment and non-traumatic lower limb amputations (28). The risk of morbidity and mortality of diabetes can be considerably reduced by achieving specific glycaemic goals (29). Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), especially herbal medicines, are emerging aspects of identifying new pharmacological interventions for the management of glucose in diabetes and can effectively reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality.
Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Diabetes
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
Type 2 diabetes is previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or adult-onset diabetes. This form of diabetes develops when cells become resistance to insulin, possibly due to defects in glucose transport protein, or insulin receptors. This forces the beta cells of pancreas to produce more insulin. Pancreas beta cells gradually are damaged leading progressive decrease in insulin production. Type 2 diabetes primarily affects older individuals; however, this form of diabetes is being more frequently diagnosed in children of American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Asians/Pacific Islanders.1 The primary risk factors include older age, obesity, a family history of diabetes, and a history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
Leptin receptor defect with diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy in female obese Zucker rats where peculiar depots networked with mitochondrial damages
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Jacques Gilloteaux, Charles Nicaise, Lindsay Sprimont, John Bissler, Judith A Finkelstein, Warren R Payne
Diabetes is a worldwide-distributed metabolic malady that afflict people with type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), typically developed in aging adults. Nowadays, the rate of diabetes 2 is also increasing in all ages, including children and young adults, due to overweight, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Diabetes 2 has been known since Antiquity1 and the topic has been reviewed by an immense number of clinical care specialists in biomedical fields. Its impact on public health cost is surveyed by national and international organizations of medicine, because its metabolic alterations favors many other disabilities and pathologies leading to an excess of fatalities before age 70.2–9 One of the etiologies is a defective adipokine leptin receptor.10–12 The animal model that best matches human leptin receptor defect is the genetically obese Zucker rat13–33 which progresses at an early age to diabetes 2 because, soon after weaning, young male and female rodents of the fa/fa (obese) strain manifest hyperphagia.12 Thus, at young age, this rodent rapidly develops a clear phenotypic obesity due to leptin excess with hyperinsulinemia and insulin insensitivity. Consequently, these growing and aging rats undergo other endocrine entwined defects that favored multiple organ function’s changes similarly to what one can find in most of the clinical progression in the human NIDDM in diabetes type 2.13–33
Myeloid-Related Protein-14/MRP-14/S100A9/Calgranulin B is Associated with Inflammation in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar, Kaiser Alam, Mohammad M. Siddiquei, Kathleen Van den Eynde, Ghulam Mohammad, Gert De Hertogh, Ghislain Opdenakker
Undiluted vitreous fluid samples (0.3–0.6 mL) were obtained from 16 patients with PDR during pars plana vitrectomy, for the treatment of tractional retinal detachment, and/or non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage. The control subject group consisted of 16 patients who had undergone vitrectomy for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with no proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Control subjects were free from diabetes or other systemic disease. Vitreous samples were collected undiluted by manual suction into a syringe through the aspiration line of vitrectomy, before opening the infusion line. The samples were centrifuged (2000 rpm for 10 min, 4ºC) and the supernatants aliquoted and frozen at –80ºC until assay. Epiretinal fibrovascular membranes were obtained from 20 patients with PDR during pars plana vitrectomy for the repair of tractional retinal detachment. The diabetic patients were 12 males and 8 females, whose ages ranged from 25 to 68 years (mean 50.15 ± 9.87 years). The duration of diabetes ranged from 8 to 33 years (mean 15.55 ± 6.9 years). Nine patients had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and 11 patients had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. For comparison, epiretinal membranes were obtained from 10 patients without diabetes undergoing vitreoretinal surgery for the treatment of retinal detachment complicated by PVR. Membranes were fixed for 2 h in 10% formalin solution and embedded in paraffin.
Multimodal imaging of foveal neovascularisation in diabetic retinopathy
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2019
Aditya Bansal, Mrinal Shankar, Priyansha Multani, Saurabh Luthra
Unlike previous reports, except for the recent report by Seth et al.,2017 this patient had non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. It is possible that this type of diabetes mellitus is not a predictor of NVF, but rather compromised ocular blood flow and duration and control of diabetes are predictors as reported by Summanen et al.2006 In concordance with Finkelstein et al.,1981 Joondeph et al.1987 and Seth et al.,2017 we noted macular ischaemia in our case, whereas Kurz et al.2003 and Rajagopal et al.2010 reported cases with perfused macula. Our case had unilateral NVF as reported by Joondeph et al.,1987 Kurz et al.2003 and Seth et al.,2017 whereas Finkelstein et al.1981 and Kurz et al.2003 reported bilateral cases.