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Ethnopharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
Ethanol and aqueous extracts of papaya fruit hold the hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results revealed significant hepatoprotection by reduction in biochemical parameters, such as, SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), and serum bilirubin, which are indicators of liver damage.75
Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Abhidha Kohli, Taufeeq Ahmad, Sachidanand Singh
A. squamosa leaf extract has shown experimental evidence of hepatoprotective efficiency as observed by the increase in enzymes and bilirubin, triglycerides, and cholesterol and the decrease in protein content in paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats (Rajeshkumar et al., 2015). Hydroalcoholic seeds, leaves, and bark extract of A. squamosa have shown hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats (Mehta and Paliwal, 2017; Sonkar et al., 2016). Liver injury induced by alcohol in sprague dawley rats and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Swiss albino mice showed hepatoprotective activity when administered with seed and alcoholic leaf extract of A. squamosa, respectively (Zahid et al., 2020; Raj et al., 2009).
Rhubarb
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Gan B. Bajracharya, Richa K. Gupta
Rhubarb is used alone or in combination with other crude drugs for the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis (Hu 1986). Rhubarb could prevent and treat hyperlipidemia and fatty liver by decreasing total cholesterol (decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) (Xu et al. 2007). Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that rhubarb had significant effects in reducing liver cell injury (Chen et al. 2002, Dong et al. 2005). Rhubarb possesses hepatoprotective principles and shows a significant liver protective effect on paracetamol- or CCl4-injured liver in rats (Akhtar et al. 2009, Xinga et al. 2011). CCl4 administration caused a significant increase of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, and increased the total bilirubin. Oral administration of R. emodi at 3 g/kg dose significantly decreased the activities and restored the normal liver function (Ibrahim et al. 2008). It has also been noted that the hepatoprotective effect would be weakened or even toxic with the increase of the dose. The canonical correlation between the toxicity-attenuating effects was studied (Wang et al. 2009).
In-silico, in-vitro and ex-vivo evidence of combining silymarin phytopharmaceutical with piperine, and fulvic acid for enhancing its solubility and permeability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Tanya Ralli, Zoya Saifi, Amita Kumari, Vidhu Aeri, Kanchan Kohli
Several evidences have shown that polyphenols like silymarin (SM), resveratrol, rutin and quercetin have been widely used in both preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of NAFLD (Xu et al. 2020). Out of all, SM have been used widely as a liver tonic in various countries mainly in European countries. SM has shown potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activity in various animal studies (Ralli, Kalaiselvan et al. 2021). A narrative review by Anton et al. have also discussed several clinical trials which were undergoing or completed related to the use of SM for NAFLD treatment. Talking about the pre-clinical studies, SM has shown to act as a scavenger of free radicals, decreasing the oxidative stress on the liver cells, modulating the enzymes which were involved in the inhibition of fibrosis of cirrhosis. Similar hepatoprotective effects were also observed in clinical studies which were elaborately highlighted in the aforementioned review (Gillessen and Schmidt 2020).
Flavonoid constituents and protective efficacy of Citrus reticulate (Blanco) leaves ethanolic extract on thioacetamide-induced liver injury rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Usama W. Hawas, Mohamed A. El-Ansari, Abeer F. Osman, Asmaa F. Galal, Lamia T. Abou El-Kassem
The liver is a critical organ in the human body that is responsible for the regulation of several metabolic functions and physiological processes. Its ability to detoxify xenobiotics makes it especially crucial for maintaining bodily health. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hepatotoxicity of viral or non-viral hepatitis. In both cases, the cornerstone mechanisms are inflammation and oxidative stress-induced membrane lipid peroxidation (Tarocchi et al.2014). In addition, the liver’s self-healing and regenerative capacity can lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen, followed by progressive tissue scarring, cirrhosis, and loss of liver function. Despite advancements in contemporary medicine, there is no effective treatment strategy for enhancing liver regeneration, protecting the liver, or stimulating hepatic function (Madrigal-Santillán et al. 2014). Current drugs, such as pegylated interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin, used to treat hepatitis virus infection, are not always successful in curing patients, and some of them may not tolerate this treatment. Similar restrictions have been found with silymarin, the most well-known hepatoprotective compound, when used to treat chronic liver damage such as cirrhosis. Thus, it is necessary to identify highly effective drugs for the treatment of liver diseases, emphasising their low toxicity.
Protective effect of Euphorbia thymifolia and Euphorbia hirta against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Wen-Chao Liu, Vijaya Anand Arumugam, Durai Muthu Mani Gurupalraj, Manikandan Ramasamy, Shenbagam Madhavan, Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu, Sungkwon Park
Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites of plants which possess antioxidant capacities and can reduce the liver disorders and prevalence of oxidative stress-related diseases in human [15,16]. Extracts of medicinal plants containing a high level of bioactive compounds are, there, often used for curing hepatic damage which can be caused by oxidative stress. Among these, Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. and Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) are small branched-annual herb, commonly growing in India and tropical countries. Previous studies analyzed their nutritive values and reported that these plants, having antioxidant phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory effects, are hepatoprotective in the traditional medical system [17,18]. As synthetic drugs used in the treatment of liver damage show limitation and serious side effects, the hepatoprotective effects of E. thymifolia and E. hirta were evaluated in the current study. To this end, the study investigated the in vitro antioxidant capacities and the effects of ethanolic extracts of E. thymifolia and E. hirta on changes in body weight, hepatic marker, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, and liver histopathology in CCl4-induced hepatotoxic rats.