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Diarrhea (Chronic)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Chronic diarrhea is defined as frequent attacks of loose or runny stools that persist for more than four weeks. There are many possible causes of chronic diarrhea including diabetes, medications, IBD, malabsorption, infections, and excessive alcohol or caffeine intake. Treatment is aimed at correcting the cause of diarrhea whenever possible, firming up loose stools, and dealing with any complications. The most serious complication of chronic diarrhea is dehydration, which can be life-threatening.
Biochemical Parameters: Childhood Diarrhea and Malabsorption Syndrome
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
Chronic diarrhea is caused by gastrointestinal infection of bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and paratyphoid. The source of infection in diarrhea is the feco-oral route (Jill et al. 2010). The rotavirus is a highly contagious retrovirus (double stranded) that causes diarrhea in infants and children (Mayo Foundation 2019b). It has a high mortality rate in children causing about 215,000 deaths per annum in children.
Mucosal manifestations of immunodeficiencies
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Scott Snapper, Jodie Ouahed, Luigi D. Notarangelo
Irrespective of the nature of the genetic defect, patients with SCID present early in life with severe infections sustained by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Opportunistic respiratory infections (interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jiroveci, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3) are particularly common. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract are a frequent cause of chronic diarrhea, leading to failure to thrive. Skin rashes may be present, especially in infants with maternal T-cell engraftment or with atypical variants of the disease. Additional clinical features may be present in specific forms of SCID. For example, bone abnormalities are often observed in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency, whereas microcephaly and growth failure are common in infants with SCID due to defects in genes encoding for proteins (DNA ligase IV, Cernunnos) involved in DNA repair.
The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alexis Mosca, Ana Teresa Abreu Y Abreu, Kok Ann Gwee, Gianluca Ianiro, Jan Tack, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Colin Hill
Chronic diarrhea is commonly caused by chronic functional diarrhea and chronic parasitic and bacterial infections in developing countries45 while in developed countries, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common cause affecting up to 15% of adults.46,47 Treatment often includes antibiotics and antimotility drugs, but they can be ineffective and cause adverse effects. Postbiotics could be a possible alternative. A recent randomized-controlled study showed that heat-treated Lactobacillus LB significantly improved chronic diarrhea and clinical symptoms compared with live lactobacilli (p < 0.05).48 Non-viable Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 has been found to substantially alleviate IBS and its symptoms compared with the placebo (p = 0 · 0007).49 Similarly, inactivated Lactobacillus LB plus fermented culture medium significantly decreased the number of weekly stools (p < 0.0001) and improved abdominal pain, bloating and quality of life in patients with IBS (p < 0.0001).50
Abnormal findings on abdominopelvic cross-sectional imaging in patients with microscopic colitis: a retrospective, multicenter study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Andree H. Koop, Ahmed Salih, Mohamed Omer, Josh Kwon, Hassan M. Ghoz, Matthew McCann, June Tome, William C. Palmer, Darrell S. Pardi, Fernando F. Stancampiano
Our review of the literature revealed no established association between MC and abnormalities on CT or MR imaging, but only small case series in the late 1980s and early 1990s that reported findings on barium enema in patients with MC [9]. The first study described a patient with colon nodularity on barium enema, followed by a normal endoscopic evaluation [9,10]. In the second study of 5 patients with collagenous colitis, 3 had abnormal findings on barium enema described as mucosal granularity or nodularity of the colon [11]. A clinical review reported mural thickening of the colon on CT imaging in some patients with MC [8]. Although cross-sectional imaging is generally not recommended in the evaluation of microscopic colitis, CT or MR enterography are indicated in patients with chronic diarrhea of unclear etiology, especially patients with alarm features or abnormal laboratory tests [2]. This is helpful to exclude both luminal causes, such as Crohn’s disease, or extraluminal causes of diarrhea [12]. The majority of patients in this study underwent cross-sectional imaging for the indication diarrhea, which we suspect was part of a comprehensive evaluation of these patients referred to tertiary medical centers [2].
Inhibitory effect of Tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum) on blastocystis subtype 3 grown in vitro
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Mehmet Aykur, Emrah Karakavuk, Muhammet Karakavuk, Mesut Akıl, Hüseyin Can, Mert Döşkaya, Yüksel Gürüz, Hande Dağcı
Whether Blastocystis is a pathogen or commensal parasite in the human gastrointestinal tract is still controversial . However, Blastocystis has been studied extensively since it has a high prevalence in humans [3,11,12]. So far, at least 26 subtypes (STs) have been identified using the molecular analysis of the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene [13,14]. Among these subtypes, ten subtypes (ST1-ST9 and ST12) have reported in humans and four (ST1-ST4) of them are found most commonly in humans around the world [15]. ST3 is the most common subtype detected in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and has been reported in Turkey [11,16]. A large part of Blastocystis infections are asymptomatic. However, gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, gas, nausea, vomiting, acute and chronic diarrhea have been reported [3,17]. Moreover, symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome or dermatological disorders such as urticarial or allergic lesions have been observed. Also, Blastocystis may appear as an opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed patients [18,19].