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3.0: The development of gastric systems in children
Published in Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin, Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Shomik Ghosal, Adrian G Martin
Structurally, the mouth is made up of the lips, the tongue, the teeth and the salivary glands. The lips are mainly made up of flexible muscle tissue. The front teeth are called the incisors (used for cutting) and have a flat front and a thin and long top. These are followed by the canines, which end at a point. Incisors are followed by the premolars, which have an irregular bicuspid shape and, lastly, the molars, which have a flat cusp (used for chewing). Children grow 20 deciduous teeth, whereas adults have 32 permanent teeth. The tongue, situated on the floor of the mouth, is made up of four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles, which move it and change its shape to aid chewing and swallowing. Three main salivary glands produce liquid saliva to aid chewing, swallowing and digestion. The parotid gland, which is the largest, is found wrapped around the ramus of the mandible. The submandibular glands are located underneath the lower jaws and lastly the sublingual gland, which can be found underneath the tongue.
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Each major salivary gland supplies different proportions of ingredients to saliva. The parotid glands contain cells that secrete a serous liquid containing salivary amylase. Because the submandibular glands contain cells similar to those found in the parotid glands, plus some mucous cells, they secrete a fluid that contains amylase but is thickened with mucus. The sublingual glands contain mostly mucous cells, so they secrete a much thicker fluid that contributes only a small amount of amylase to the saliva.
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The salivary glands can be described as being serous or mucous in nature: Parotid gland is mainly serous (P-S).Submandibular gland is a mixture.Sublingual gland is mainly mucous.Minor salivary glands are almost entirely mucous.
Lymphomas of the salivary glands: a systematic review
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Ahmed Ehsan Al-Khafaf, Fahd Al-Shahrestani, Yusuf Baysal, Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum, Steffen Heegaard, Lars Møller Pedersen, Preben Homøe
The median age of all patients was 59 years with a range between 10 and 87 years. The highest median age was for MCL with 70 years and a range between 44 and 80 years (Table 1). Of all patients, the sex is known for 318 patients, of which 58% were female, with EMZL (103/145 [71%]) having the highest frequency in females. There was a slight female predominance for DLBCL (34/54 [63%]), while FL and MCL showed an even gender distribution. For males, the most common subtypes were HL (14/19 [74%]) and the different subtypes of TCL. The anatomical location mostly involved was the parotid glands (1444/1640 [88%]) (See Figure 2A & 2B), followed by the submandibular glands (150/1640 [9%]). The number of cases originating in the sublingual glands (6/1640 [0.3%]) and the minor salivary glands (19/1640 [1%]) were low. In general, the parotid gland was the most common anatomical location among the salivary glands for all lymphoma subtypes, with EMZL being the most common subtype in all the salivary glands (Figure 3).
Management of iodine contrast induced salivary gland swelling (sialadenitis): experiences from an observational study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Miguel Saro-Buendía, Lidia Torres-García, Claudia Mossi Martínez, Eduardo Battig Arriagada, Joan Carreres Polo, José María Perolada Valmaña, Miguel Armengot Carceller
In normal renal function patients, 97% of the main component of IC (Iodoxinol) is excreted unchanged in urine within 24 h whereas the remaining IC is excreted through exocrine secretions from salivary, sweat, and lacrimal glands. [7] As salivary iodide concentration is proportional to plasma one, patients with renal failure are hypothetically predisposed to CIS. [7,9] This might not be the only predisposing condition as cases in individuals with normal renal function have been described. [2] Our cohort of patients showed abnormal renal function at ER blood tests with a low GFR ranging from 47 to 70 ml/min/1.73m2. Concretely, one of our patients had history of a renal tumour and another one had for years abnormal renal function tests coherent with chronic kidney disease but had never been studied. Submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands may be affected in a combined or solitary manner. CIS is usually a bilateral entity and submandibular glands are the most frequently affected. [1] All our patients had a bilateral enlargement of the submandibular glands. Parotid and sublingual glands were not affected in our cases.
Possible protective role of L-thyroxin on the parotid gland of adult male albino rat in carbimazole induced hypothyroidism: histological, histomorphometry, and ultrastructural study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Gamal Hosny Mohammed, Abd-El Wakeel Elsayed Essawy, Ahmed Hamed Bayoumi, Shaimaa Aly Rouby Mostafa, Ramadan Moustafa Elsayed
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for physiological functions of almost all body tissues. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common thyroid disorders that may be congenital or acquired.1 The parotid, submandibular, and in particular the sublingual gland was discernibly enlarged and served as a useful clue to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism.2 Apoptosis is a distinct process of cell death that is responsible for deletion of aged, injured, and altered cells.3 B cell lymphocyte (BCL-2) family proteins are the regulators of apoptosis and also have critical roles in normal cell physiology related to neuronal activity, autophagy, calcium handling, mitochondrial dynamics, energetics, and other processes of normal healthy cells.4 The BCL-2 family proteins consist of interacting partners including inhibitors (anti-apoptotic) and inducers (pro-apoptotic) of cell death. Hypothyroidism results in lower expression of BCL-2 along with a high level of expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic gene). These results suggest that THs promotes the expression of BCL-2 genes, thus preventing apoptosis of early differentiating cells. However, under hypothyroid conditions, the down regulation of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene shifts the balance toward extensive apoptosis.