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The Salivary Glands
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Excision of the submandibular glands is an extreme measure and only considered if all earlier approaches fail, but it is an effective way to reduce salivary flow, albeit with serious adverse effects including dental caries.
3.0: The development of gastric systems in children
Published in Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin, Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Shomik Ghosal, Adrian G Martin
Structurally, the mouth is made up of the lips, the tongue, the teeth and the salivary glands. The lips are mainly made up of flexible muscle tissue. The front teeth are called the incisors (used for cutting) and have a flat front and a thin and long top. These are followed by the canines, which end at a point. Incisors are followed by the premolars, which have an irregular bicuspid shape and, lastly, the molars, which have a flat cusp (used for chewing). Children grow 20 deciduous teeth, whereas adults have 32 permanent teeth. The tongue, situated on the floor of the mouth, is made up of four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles, which move it and change its shape to aid chewing and swallowing. Three main salivary glands produce liquid saliva to aid chewing, swallowing and digestion. The parotid gland, which is the largest, is found wrapped around the ramus of the mandible. The submandibular glands are located underneath the lower jaws and lastly the sublingual gland, which can be found underneath the tongue.
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
However, most saliva is secreted by the major salivary glands, which lie beyond the oral mucosa. Their secretions empty into ducts that lead to the oral cavity. There are three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The parotid glands are located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the masseter muscle. Each secretes saliva into the oral cavity via a parotid duct that pierces the buccinator muscle to open into the vestibule opposite the second maxillary (upper) molar tooth. The submandibular glands are found beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth. Their ducts, the submandibular ducts, run under the mucosa on either side of the midline of the floor of the mouth and enter the oral cavity proper lateral to the lingual frenulum. The sublingual glands are superior to the submandibular glands. Their ducts, the lesser sublingual ducts, open into the floor of the mouth in the oral cavity proper.
Possible radioprotection of submandibular glands in gamma-irradiated rats using kaempferol: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Salwa Farid Ahmed, Noura Mohammed Bakr, Nora Abdelgawad, Dina W. Bashir
Radiotherapy is the primary or a part of the combination treatment of malignancies of the head and neck region (Gruber et al. 2015). The radiation field usually involves major and minor salivary glands leading to impairment of salivary function (Rosales et al. 2009). Radiation diminishes salivary flow, and other oral sequelae, including xerostomia, pain, swallowing difficulties, loss of taste, and burning sensation, may persist for a long time or even the rest of the patient’s life and seriously worsen the quality of life (Mosel et al. 2011; Hawkins et al. 2018). Most treatment modalities involve fractions of 2–3 Gy/5 days/week for 30–80 Gy to allow cancer cell destruction with minor damage to healthy cell (Gomez et al. 2009). Many approaches have the advantage of reducing salivary gland damage, such as the use of conformal and intensity-modulated radiation; however, it only spared the parotid glands but ignored the submandibular glands (SMGs) in most cases. Furthermore, this approach is vastly unavailable and costs too much (Eisbruch et al. 2003; Clark et al. 2009). Other prophylactic approaches are aimed to reduce radiation damage to salivary glands by increasing salivary gland tolerance to radiation and free radical scavengers, and the proliferation of acinar and ductal cells (Vissink et al. 2015).
Effects of patient-specific mobility therapy for TMJ, neck, and shoulder dysfunction after submandibular gland tumor surgery: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Keun-Su Lee, Duck-Won Oh, Joon-Hee Lee
Recent studies have reported that physiotherapy interventions, including exercise therapy, improve the functional status and quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer (Carvalho, Vital, and Soares, 2012; Do et al., 2013; McNeely et al., 2008). However, these investigations report the effects of comprehensive interventions for patients with head and neck cancer and do not describe detailed guidelines for each patient condition. To the best of our knowledge, no specific protocols have been offered for the management of functional problems after RND of submandibular gland tumors. In addition, there is a lack of scientific evidence in the literature to support the effectiveness of exercise therapy on neck and shoulder function after RND (McGarvey, Chiarelli, Osmotherly, and Hoffman, 2011). Accordingly, this report describes the impact of a patient-specific mobility therapy (PSMT) program on limited ROM and functional impairments of the TMJ, neck, and shoulder in a patient who received submandibular gland tumor surgery.
Use of a social jetlag-mimicking mouse model to determine the effects of a two-day delayed light- and/or feeding-shift on central and peripheral clock rhythms plus cognitive functioning
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Atsushi Haraguchi, Yutaro Nishimura, Miyabi Fukuzawa, Yosuke Kikuchi, Yu Tahara, Shigenobu Shibata
Light stimulation is the strongest environmental entrainment factor for the internal circadian clock, especially the central clock (Wright et al. 2013), and feeding stimulation is one of the strongest environmental entrainment factors for the internal circadian clock, especially peripheral clocks (Bray and Young 2007; Tahara and Shibata 2013). Indeed, this study revealed that the light-only-shift condition delayed the locomotor activity and peripheral clock rhythms and that the feeding-only-shift condition delayed the rhythms of peripheral clocks. These results indicate that shifting/changing either the timing of light or feeding disturbs the peripheral clock rhythms. Regarding the submandibular gland, we found that the clock gene expression rhythms were delayed more than in other organs by the light-only-shift condition. This is probably because the submandibular gland is more strongly regulated by the central nervous system, unlike other organs (Tahara et al. 2017). These results suggest that light exposure and feeding during the nighttime are important factors for the delay of the central and/or peripheral clock rhythms, and that the peripheral clock rhythms would delay due to light stimulation even without eating during nighttime work.