China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Ovaries and the Adnexa
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
Kuhan Rajah, Dimitrios Mavrelos
Following the Rotterdam consensus in 2003, the definition of a polycystic ovary has been an ovary containing more than 12 antral follicles or with a volume exceeding 10 cm3 [12]. More recently this definition has been found not to be fit for purpose, as the availability of higher-definition ultrasound machines in the last few years has meant that a large proportion of ovulatory women would be diagnosed with polycystic ovaries. The recent international consensus guideline raised the threshold for characterizing polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) to a follicle number per ovary of 20 or greater, while maintaining a volume threshold of 10 cm3 (Figure 4.7) [22]. PCOM needs to be combined with irregular menstrual cycles and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism in order to make the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The diagnosis of PCOS can also be made in the absence of PCOM, when both irregular menstrual cycles and hyperandrogenism are present.
The female reproductive system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Anovulatory cycles typically occur at the menarche and around the menopause (perimenopausal bleeding). Failure of ovulation leads to continued endometrial proliferation. Withdrawal bleeding then occurs either when the endometrium becomes too thick to be supported by its blood supply, or as a result of fluctuation in oestrogen levels. If ovulation continually fails to occur, then endometrial proliferation may be marked, leading to simple hyperplasia (hyperplasia without atypia) of the endometrium and, in some patients, atypical hyperplasia and invasive carcinoma. This is particularly true in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the hallmarks of which is failure of ovulation. In another group of patients, ovulation occurs but the secretory phase is abnormal. This may take the form of a coordinated delay in secretory transformation, asynchrony between glands and stroma, and, perhaps most commonly, irregular ripening when only some glands develop secretory changes. Various physiological defects – both ovarian and endometrial – are involved in this group of abnormalities. Irregular shedding occurs when fragments of endometrium do not shed during menstruation but persist into the next cycle.
New Understanding of the Nature and Causes of Major Depression
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
It has long been known that a disproportionately large percentage of individuals with diabetes suffer MDD. The prevalence of MDD among diabetics, regardless of it being Type I or Type II, is roughly three times that seen in the general population. Some of this may simply be due to the difficulties of suffering a stressful chronic illness. However, there is a strong relationship between insulin resistance, per se, and MDD.60 Insulin resistance is four times more likely to occur in individuals with MDD than in those not suffering this illness.61 Certain illnesses, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), are characterized as often including both MDD and insulin-resistance.62
Isorhamnetin inhibits inflammatory response to alleviate DHEA-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Fei Yu, Yanfeng Xue, Yunyan Zhao, Long Zhang, Xiao He, Zheng Liu
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is clinically manifested by polycystic ovary, abnormal ovulation, and hyperandrogenemia; and is often accompanied by increased risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes [1–3]. PCOS is a common endocrine disease in women of childbearing age with an incidence of about 10% [1,4]. At present, oral contraceptive [5], letrozole [6], and clomiphene are the main treatments for PCOS to induce ovulation, regulate menstrual cycle, reduce insulin resistance and reduce serum androgen levels [7]. However, existing drug treatments may cause adverse reactions such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, allergic dermatitis, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, and gastrointestinal side effects [8,9]. Thus, it is urgent to search new drug for PCOS treatment.
Resveratrol improves follicular development of PCOS rats via regulating glycolysis pathway and targeting SIRT1
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Peng Huo, Man Li, Jianghua Le, Chunjiang Zhu, Jun Yao, Shun Zhang
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease characterized by metabolic disorders, often accompanied by clinical symptoms such as acne, obesity, menstrual disorders, and ovulation disorders (Escobar-Morreale 2018; Morgante et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019). PCOS is a common cause of infertility in women of childbearing age (Zhao et al. 2016). Adolescents with PCOS are more likely to have health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life (Zhao et al. 2016). However, its mechanism is very complicated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of PCOS remains unclear. Studies have shown that glucose metabolism is closely related to follicular development. In the process of normal follicle formation, granulosa cells uptake glucose from the interstitium of ovary through glucose transporters (GLUT) and generate pyruvate and lactic acid for energy supply through glycolysis. Studies have shown that the expression levels of IRS-1 and GLUT4 in the granulosa cells of PCOS rats are reduced, and the cellular glycolysis pathway is disturbed (Zhao et al. 2016). Similarly, the expression levels of lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase in the ovaries of PCOS mice were significantly lower than those in normal mice (Harris et al. 2010). Increasing the levels of lactate and pyruvate in the in vitro cultured atretic follicles from PCOS patients can partially restore the development of follicles (Harris et al. 2010). The above findings suggest that the glycolytic pathway may be involved in the regulation of follicular development in PCOS patients.
Increased serum myonectin and irisin levels with myonectin and FNDC5 expressions in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case control study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Taylan Onat, Nihal Inandiklioglu, Mustafa Kara, Ethem Serdar Yalvac, Can Turkler, Baris Ciplak, Mehmet Murat Altindag
Albeit polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinological disorder of the reproductive period in women, its diagnosis remains to be a challenge for clinicians due to the different phenotypes of the syndrome as well as its ethnic variations (Bozdag et al. 2016; Gibson-Helm et al. 2017). The diagnosis of PCOS is based on ultrasonographic polycystic ovary image, the presence of oligo/anovulation, and hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical) (Group 2004). PCOS is associated with insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance, and metabolic syndrome. In addition to infertility, women who meet all PCOS criteria face increased pregnancy complications and the long-term risk of endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disease (Fauser et al. 2012). IR is detected in the majority of women with PCOS, though its impact on the pathophysiology of PCOS is not fully found out (Sirmans and Pate 2013). Furthermore, the correlation between PCOS and IR is not entirely dependent on body mass index (BMI), 30% of lean women with PCOS have IR (Sirmans and Pate 2013). Thus, it can be considered that IR might be a cause, not a result, in the development of PCOS.