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Ailments and Diseases
Published in James Sherifi, General Practice Under the NHS, 2023
Complex endocrine diseases were managed almost exclusively by hospital specialists. The diagnosis of diabetes was based on clinical presentation, glycosuria, and raised blood glucose level. Acute hypoglycaemia was treated with intravenous glucose, a 50 ml vial that was an indispensable presence in any doctor’s emergency bag.
Endocrine Disorders
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Lisa Spence, Nana Adwoa Gletsu Miller, Tamara S. Hannon
Endocrine hormones are chemical signals that exert effects on tissue and organs throughout the body. Hormones play a critical role in the regulation of physiological homeostasis and are involved in growth and development, appetite regulation, metabolism, sexual and reproductive function, sleep, and mental health. Endocrine diseases result from abnormal levels of endocrine hormones or abnormalities in the signaling response. Diabetes mellitus, which occurs when insulin is not produced or when insulin signaling is impaired, is a common endocrine disease in children. Diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes. Related diseases include cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and steroid-induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus results from a disorder in the production or action of vasopressin. Youth with gender dysphoria may have higher rates of overweight and obesity. Growth hormone deficiency in children can lead to short stature, but in most cases the cause of short stature is constitutional, secondary to genetics or to nutrition, as well as to complications of non-endocrine diseases. Nutrition is an important consideration for clinical management of endocrine diseases as diet may play a role in the etiology of the disease or diet may modify the response to therapy. Moreover, nutrition status may be used as a criterion for diagnosis of the disease or to evaluate its progression. The objective of this chapter is to describe the pathophysiology, medical management, and medical nutrition therapy of common pediatric endocrine disorders.
Endocrine diseases and pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The epidemiology and natural history of endocrine diseases are such that they commonly occur in women of childbearing age. While major endocrinopathies often adversely affect fertility, and thereby in effect prevent pregnancy, the innate resilience of the human reproductive system, and the fundamental good health of most endocrine patients, assures that incidental pregnancies will frequently be encountered in patients with established endocrine disease. Pregnancy profoundly affects many of the endocrine systems and the laboratory testing upon which confirmation of disease relies; thus, physicians who treat pregnant patients are well advised to have familiarity with these alterations. Endocrine diseases may have adverse consequences for maternal, fetal, and neonatal health; likewise, the pregnancy may alter the expression of endocrine disease and as well may alter the interpretation of diagnostic laboratory testing commonly performed in nongravid patients. Additionally, pregnancy alters choice of pharmacotherapy and diagnostic modalities and reagents.
Relationship between complications of type 2 diabetes and thyroid nodules
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Xuexue Zhang, Xujie Wang, Jian Liu, Yuying Xu, Jiwei Zhang, Qiuyan Li
Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of the effect of diabetes on the risk of thyroid nodules. As mentioned in the literature review, diabetes was a common condition which had considerable impact on the incidence of thyroid nodules and independently correlated with presence of thyroid nodules7–9. Meanwhile, insulin resistance has been implicated in the increased risk of thyroid nodules10,11. However, up to now, there has been insufficient attention given to the relationship between complications of type 2 diabetes and thyroid nodules. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating the implications of complications (diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, eye disorder, and peripheral vascular disease) on the risk of thyroid nodules in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the study seeks to determine whether there are differences in the incidence of thyroid nodules between type 2 diabetic patients with and without complications. The findings of this study would significantly contribution to the field of endocrine diseases and have important implications for future practice.
Metagenomics study on taxonomic and functional change of gut microbiota in patients with obesity with PCOS treated with exenatide combination with metformin or metformin alone
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Jingwen Gan, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Ma, Yan Deng, Xue-Song Ding, Shi-Yang Zhu, Ai-Jun Sun
Exclusion criteria were stated as follows: Anyone who meets any of the following conditions cannot participate in the study. (1) Combined with other endocrine diseases, such as diabetes, adrenal hyperplasia or tumor, Cushing’s syndrome, clinical thyroid disease, acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, androgen-secreting tumor, etc.; (2) Medullary thyroid disease patients with personal or family history of cancer (MTC) or patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2); (3) combined with severe or unstable diseases, including liver, kidney, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and blood system dysfunction; (4) with a history of thromboembolic disease or thrombosis; (5) heavy smoking or alcoholism women; (6) lactating or pregnant women; (7) women with a history of other malignant tumors; (8) Use of statins or other drugs known or suspected to affect reproductive or metabolic function within the past 3 months; (9) Drug allergy; (10) Participating in other clinical trials.
Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Meilin Zhang, Jian Song, Hongguang Yang, Feng Jin, Ang Zheng
Regarding safety, our results showed that immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy had the greatest effect on thyroid function in patients with early and advanced-stage TNBC. Therefore, it is important to monitor thyroid function when administering immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Patients who develop endocrine disease may be irreversible and require long-term treatment [33,34]. Furthermore, the combination group was more likely to have pneumonitis, which was similar to the results of a meta-analysis by Zhang et al. [35]. In addition, hepatitis, adrenal insufficiency, skin reactions, infusion reaction and pyrexia also deserve our attention in the combination therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of tumor conditions in cancer patients and the underlying physical fitness is necessary. Under the premise of ensuring safety, we should fully improve the ability of anticipated treatment to prevent withdrawal of patients due to serious AEs in the clinic.