China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The endocrine, nervous and immune system work in harmony to regulate the internal and external environment of human beings. The endocrine system is composed of various glands that are widely dispersed throughout the body, and they secrete chemical messengers called hormones (Brashers and Huether 2017). The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries and testes. The endocrine structure and function witness some changes due to the ageing process (Brashers and Huether 2017). In contrast to the exocrine glands, which discharge their products via ducts into the external environment, e.g., pancreatic juice, the endocrine glands, which are ductless, synthesise and release hormones directly into the circulation. Figure 11.1 identifies the position of the major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce.
Endocrine, paracrine and intracrine mechanisms of growth regulation in normal and malignant endometrial epithelium
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
Human endometrial function is primarily under endocrine control; estrogen stimulates proliferation and progesterone induces differentiation in a cyclic fashion. The effects of estrogen are predominantly seen in the outer layer of the endometrium during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. Following ovulation, with rising concentrations of progesterone, mitotic activity in epithelial cells ceases and epithelial cells differentiate into secretory cells. During the last few days of the cycle, fibroblast-like stromal cells differentiate into decidual cells which are the prominent cells in the gestational endometrium. If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the upper functional layer of the endometrium is shed as menstrual bleeding, and at about this time endometrial regeneration commences. The growth of the endometrium also involves angiogenesis, with the formation of new capillary blood vessels from existing microvessels by sprouting.
Attributes of Peripheral Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The endocrine pancreas is a key player in metabolic regulation by secreting the blood sugar–lowering hormone insulin and its opposite hormone glucagon. All five DARs were expressed in different endocrine cells of the human pancreas [61]. D1R was present in insulin-secreting beta cells, and D2R was expressed in glucagon-secreting alpha cells, somatostatin-secreting delta cells, and pancreatic polypeptide producing cells. D4R was expressed in both beta and polypeptide cells, whereas D5R was expressed only in delta cells. Based on the morphological distribution of DAR, the authors suggested that specific DARs should be considered novel targets for clinical treatment of diabetes.
A review on the current literature regarding the value of exosome miRNAs in various diseases
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Senjie Li, Dongqing Lv, Hong Yang, Yan Lu, Yongping Jia
In blood, exosomes act as important signalling molecules and can transfect leukaemia cells with miR-365, which can lead to the development of stronger drug resistance and affect the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs [90]. The mechanisms of type 1 diabetes in endocrine diseases are complex, and their development is related to immunity and genetics. Mouse model studies have found that ADSCs derived exosomes exert immunomodulatory effects by altering the function of T cells, since mice treated with exosomes had significantly better control of blood glucose [91]. Stem cell-derived exosomes have also been used to treat oral diseases such as periodontitis. Implanting exosomes can contribute to periodontal tissue regeneration and reduce inflammatory responses [92]. These studies all show a close link between exosomes and a variety of diseases, which requires further in-depth analysis.
Estrogen receptors as potential therapeutic target in endometrial cancer
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2023
Payel Guha, Koushik Sen, Piyali Chowdhury, Dilip Mukherjee
17β-Estradiol (E2), the predominant estrogen, is a crucial regulator of uterine function and development of secondary sex characteristics. Estrogens also play other important functions in immune, vascular, muscular, skeletal, nervous, and endocrine systems of the body [1–3]. It is widely used as hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women considering its beneficiary effects on various organs [4]. In the target organs, this steroid acts both as agonist and antagonist depending on the type of tissue. Therapeutic use of this steroid is widespread in contraception and cancer of female reproductive organs [5,6]. Signaling of estrogen therefore, is very crucial and any disruption in this system contributes to several disorders including cancers [7]. The universally accepted theory is that estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) upon binding to E2 acts as an estrogen-activated transcription factor, which requires a long time to act [8]. Recently, a nongenomic regulation has also been discovered, in which estrogen can act more rapidly almost within seconds to minutes though a membrane associated G protein-coupled receptor (GPER) and directly triggers cellular signaling [9].
Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Mughees, Himanshu Chugh, Saima Wajid
Hormone induced breast cancer in females is not uncommon and the tendency of phthalates to work as endocrine disruptors put females at risk. Endocrine system is made up of multiple glandular organs that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream. Normal development of mammary gland involves endocrine signaling from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (Macon and Fenton 2013). The endocrine disruptors are known to interfere in production, release, transport, binding, action and elimination of hormones which might further affect the development process in females (Macon and Fenton 2013). Diethylstilboestrol is a classic example of endocrine disruptor which has induced breast and cervical cancer in females (Brisken 2008). Endocrine disruptors might alter epithelial growth rate, stromal composition of gland, immune response, response to endogenous hormone, terminal end bud presence, inter-cell communication etc. (Macon and Fenton 2013). In addition, the disruption in development of breast at any of its development stage enhances the risk of breast cancer with other abnormalities (Macon and Fenton 2013).