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Evaluation and Investigation of Thyroid Disease
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
The common presenting symptoms of hyperthyroidism are weight loss, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, sweating, palpitations and tremor, thin skin, muscle weakness, and gastrointestinal and menstrual disturbances.
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The other physiological role of thyroid hormones is to control several metabolic processes in the body. These include the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin, and mineral. For example, thyroid hormone increases energy production, increases lipolysis, and regulates neo-glucogenesis, and glycolysis (3). Moreover, thyroid hormones are used to stimulate enzyme synthesis, oxygen consumption, basal metabolic rate, and a wide variety of other physiological activities such as heart rate and respiratory rate (4). However, under different circumstances, excess iodine intake can cause hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) and toxic nodular goiter (4, 8). Hyperthyroidism is largely confined to people over 40 years of age. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include palpitations, trembling, nervousness, weight loss, lack of sleep, tremor, high blood pressure, excessive sweating, and heat intolerance (4). Indeed, too little or too much iodine in the body can cause goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism
Published in K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla, 100 Short Cases for the MRCP, 2020
K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla
I he common causes of hypothyroidism are: Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).Post surgical resection or radio-iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism.Secondary to anti-thyroid drugs, e.g. carbimazole, etc. Other causes include: Diet with endemic goitre.Developmental abnormalities, e.g. agenesis and maldevelopment.Dyshormonogenesis.Hypopituitarism.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a presentation of hyperthyroidism increasing in frequency around the world
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
Periodic paralysis should be considered in patients with sudden-onset paralysis and hypokalaemia. Thyrotoxicosis is a rare form of acquired periodic paralysis that is no longer confined to Asian populations due to global expansion. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis as the signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis are often subtle. If left untreated, hypokalaemia is likely to recur and may result in grave cardiac arrythmias. Treatment includes potassium supplementation and the use of non-selective beta blockers, such as propranolol. Definitive treatment remains the management of the underlying hyperthyroidism. Due to the potassium shift and no true potassium losses, regular serum potassium levels should be checked during supplementation to avoid rebound hyperkalaemia. Clinicians should also guard against aggressive potassium supplementation. With the expansion of globalisation, clinicians are more likely to encounter thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in all corners of the globe; awareness of this condition is thus imperative.
A decade of hospitalizations for hyperthyroidism in the US
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Hafeez Shaka, Michael Salim, Luke DeHart, Zain El-amir, Farah Wani, Asim Kichloo
Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant increase in patients hospitalized for hyperthyroidism with a CCI score >1. This shows a trend toward an increasing comorbid burden in patients with hyperthyroidism. The risk of mortality increases with comorbid conditions like concurrent heart failure, where patients who have abnormal thyroid function can have a 60% higher risk of mortality.15–17 Osuna et al found that about 55% to 75% of patients who had new-onset atrial fibrillation secondary to hyperthyroidism would have spontaneous resolution after their thyroid hormone levels were controlled.6 Hyperthyroidism can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure and hypertension18 and also affects other organs, leading to its known association with other comorbid diseases. Hyperthyroidism can cause increased ventilatory drive and decreased maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures. Hyperthyroidism may lead to pulmonary hypertension.19–21 Hyperthyroidism-induced neuropsychiatric complications including encephalopathy are also a common precipitant of hospitalization, especially in elderly patients with hyperthyroidism. The rise in comorbidities among patients with hyperthyroidism, however, did not result in a significant change in hospital mortality, likely from improved medical management of conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation, with literature demonstrating decreased mortality in patients with these conditions.22–24
Clinically relevant thyroid disorders and inflammatory bowel disease are inversely related: a retrospective case-control study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Maria Pina Dore, Giuseppe Fanciulli, Alessandra Manca, Valentina Cocco, Alessandra Nieddu, Michele Murgia, Giovanni Mario Pes
Only TDs diagnosed by the endocrinologist including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, drug-induced or post-surgical hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease, multinodular toxic goitre, Plummer adenoma, multinodular non-toxic goitre, follicular adenoma, thyroid cancer and others were taken into account. Because the primary purpose of the study was to check for clinically relevant conditions requiring lifelong treatment, TDs were classified according to the gland functionality into: (i) hypothyroidism, (ii) hyperthyroidism and (iii) others TDs in euthyroidism. Moreover, the diagnosis of functional TDs retrieved from patient’s chart was double-checked matching with the levothyroxine or methimazole treatment, accordingly. In addition, for each patient who underwent thyroidectomy, pathology reports were retrieved.