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Data and Picture Interpretation Stations: Cases 1–45
Published in Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, ENT OSCEs, 2023
Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar
The most common causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves’ disease and toxic multinodular goitre. Hyperthyroidism may present with weight loss, palpitations, anxiety, weakness, diarrhoea and fatigue. Evaluation for TSH, free T4 and anti TSH antibody should be performed. Treatment will be coordinated by endocrinology and includes medical (beta blockers, thioamide drugs e.g. carbimazole, and radioactive iodine) or surgical e.g. total thyroidectomy.
Preventing, Treating, and Reversing Chronic Disease With Nutritional Interventions
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Alexandra Lessem, Caroline Trapp
The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology confirm this evidence in their consensus statement on type 2 diabetes management. This statement stresses the importance of lifestyle optimization for all patients and states “all patients should strive to attain and maintain an optimal weight through a primarily plant-based meal plan high in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with limited intake of saturated fatty acids and avoidance of trans fats” (Garber et al., 2020, p. 109). It is the position of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine that sufficiently intensive lifestyle interventions are capable of producing significant clinical improvements, including remission of type 2 diabetes. They recommend moderate exercise coupled with a whole food, plant-based dietary pattern that emphasizes fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole grains and includes nuts and seeds while eliminating or minimizing animal foods such as red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, as well as refined foods that included added sugars and oils (Kelly et al., 2020).
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
The study of endocrine functions in its modern form was implemented in the latter half of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth century [61]. Endocrinology is the study of disorders on endocrine system. It helps to diagnose a wide range of symptoms and variants and the management of disorders by the deficiency or excess of one or more hormones in fact, the key events that led to identification of endocrine functions took place between 1890 and 1905, in this period, and word “hormone” began to be institutionalized. Secretin, a chemical messenger secreted by the intestinal mucosa, was found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling [62]. For this class of internal secretions, Earnest Starling and Edward Sharpey-Schafer (1905) proposed the name “hormone.” Endocrinology was introduced as a fresh scientific branch [63]. English physician George Redmayne Murray was effectively treated myxedema by using thyroid gland extract (1891). Sharpey-Schafer and George Oliver later identified the substance found in the adrenal gland extracts [Adrenaline, also called epinephrine] which was the cause of high blood pressure [64]. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist isolated the adrenaline [65].
Measuring stress: a review of the current cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) measurement techniques and considerations for the future of mental health monitoring
Published in Stress, 2023
Tashfia Ahmed, Meha Qassem, Panicos A. Kyriacou
Mental health and specifically, clinical depression can be monitored using various techniques, which can be categorized into physiological monitoring and biochemical signal analysis. Biochemical biomarkers monitoring can facilitate the understanding of underlying neurobiological processes involved in several mental illnesses (McGorry et al., 2014), such as clinical depression and bipolar disorder, as well as neurological diseases, for example, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia (Farah et al., 2018). The monitoring of specific biomarkers aids in the early detection and diagnosis of mental illnesses as well as simplifying the observation of illness progression (Farah et al., 2018). Clinical depression and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both highly associated with endocrine and metabolic dynamics (Schmidt et al., 2011). Intervention and deliberate influences on these factors often contribute to the treatment of this mental illness e.g. through use of antidepressants (Schmidt et al., 2011). Therefore, the observation of the endocrinology and metabolic markers is essential for the comprehension of psychological stress, its relationship to depression and the progression and treatment of the debilitating psychiatric disorder (Romero & Butler, 2007).
Association between Clinical Activity Score and Serum Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-10 during Systemic Glucocorticoid Treatment for Active Moderate-to-Severe Graves’ Orbitopathy
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Mariya Asenova Stoynova, Alexander Dimitrov Shinkov, Georgi Kirilov Georgiev, Roussanka Dimitrova Kovatcheva
A total of 154 GO patients were referred to our tertiary-care in-patient endocrine center (University Hospital of Endocrinology, Sofia) for diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation from June 2018 to December 2019. GO diagnosis was established upon the typical clinical manifestations (soft tissue involvement, proptosis, motility deficits, diplopia, subjective symptoms) in the setting of previously diagnosed GD. The severity and activity of GO were evaluated according to the recommendations of European Thyroid Association and European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy.17 GO was classified as mild in case of mild soft-tissue involvement, lid retraction <2 mm, proptosis <3 mm, no or intermittent diplopia. Patients with moderate-to-severe GO had some of the following signs: moderate or severe soft-tissue involvement, lid retraction ≥2 mm, proptosis ≥3 mm, constant or inconstant diplopia. Dysthyroid optic neuropathy and/or corneal breakdown characterized the sight-threatening GO. CAS above 3 points (out of 7) indicated active GO.
New horizons in trans and non-binary health care: Bridging identity affirmation with chronicity management in sexual and reproductive services
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2020
Nik M. Lampe, Alexandra C. H. Nowakowski
Services for adolescents are also constrained by issues of consent and assent. Some parents of transgender and non-binary adolescents are supportive of their child’s reproductive decisions, while others try to control their child’s reproductive rights such as fertility preservation (Riggs & Bartholomaeus, 2020). This poses unique problems for trans and non-binary youth because such patients may get kicked out of their homes (Ream & Forge, 2014) or have lower levels of connectedness with parents (Taliaferro et al., 2019) which influences the use of health services. Because of these precarities, younger trans and non-binary patients may also be more likely to need specialized reproductive care services associated with chronic conditions linked to chronic stress. Sexual and reproductive endocrinology for people with Type II diabetes would be one example (Bockting et al., 2016). Chronic sexual pain also offers an excellent example for illuminating both widespread health disparities impacting trans and non-binary patients, and limitations in the current clinical management of those conditions (van Trotsenburg, 2009).