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Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes or type 1 diabetes; and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus (5). The first type is rare (about 10% of patients) and results from the pancreas’ failure to produce enough insulin. However, the majority of diabetes patients are non-insulin-dependent and capable of producing insulin at least initially, but are deficient in their cellular response. This type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes. Obesity, particularly truncal obesity (abdominal obesity), is closely correlated to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of both non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) and insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes mellitus.
The Effects of Fenugreek on Controlling Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Zahra Ayati, Nazli Namazi, Mohammad Hossein Ayati, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Dennis Chang
Diabetes is a complex condition which is highly prevalent worldwide. It is generally characterised by hyperglycaemia, which can lead to multiple body system damage and dysfunction. There are two main types of diabetes; type 1, also referred as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is caused by impaired insulin production. Type 2, however, is commonly associated with the inability of cells to respond to insulin due to insulin resistance and therefore is referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is the predominant form of diabetes and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (2). Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark metabolic abnormality associated with diabetes. Diabetes is a leading cause of coronary heart disease, renal failure, visual impairment and non-traumatic lower limb amputations (28). The risk of morbidity and mortality of diabetes can be considerably reduced by achieving specific glycaemic goals (29). Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), especially herbal medicines, are emerging aspects of identifying new pharmacological interventions for the management of glucose in diabetes and can effectively reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality.
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diabetes mellitus causes people to experience many changes in activities, lifestyle, relationships with others, and how to deal with medical and physical issues. Therefore, managing diabetes can have severe psychosocial consequences. The symptoms of diabetes can also mimic psychiatric disorders, making it difficult to formulate an accurate mental health diagnosis. Often, patients with diabetes are overwhelmed when they must follow the strict diet required for health, continually test blood glucose levels, and manage multiple medications. The chronic stress of diabetes mellitus can lead to depression, anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, and even neurological outcomes. The direct relationship between diabetes and psychosocial distress is a real and significant factor that treating healthcare providers need to consider. Individuals with diabetes often need to make significant changes in their health behaviors and lifestyle in order to minimize the impact of this condition on their level of functioning. However, making these changes can be very difficult, especially without adequate support. Approaches to diabetes management can also be influenced by preexisting beliefs and cultural influences. A comprehensive understanding of all of these factors is therefore necessary in order to effectively address psychosocial aspects of diabetes care.
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT2) inhibition: A potential target for treatment of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural and Synthetic compounds
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Shubham Batra, Prabhjeet Kaur Bamrah, Manjusha Choudhary
Diabetes mellitus is a serious, chronic disorder that significantly harms people’s lives, families, and societies everywhere. The three primary types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has been documenting the prevalence of diabetes globally, regionally, and nationally since 2000. Despite the sustainable development goal (SDG) of reducing premature death from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by one-third by 2030, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to be 700 million by 2045 [1,2], and although there are numerous antidiabetic agents, many of them have unfavorable side effects and known consequences that impair quality of life. Hence, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents with lesser complications(these lines written by author).
The importance of including the C-terminal domain of PTP1B1-400 to identify potential antidiabetic inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Andrea Coronell-Tovar, Francisco Cortés-Benítez, Martin González-Andrade
In recent years, the updated classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) published by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2021 identifies four types of diabetes. (1) Type 1 diabetes (due to autoimmune-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency, including latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood), (2) Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive loss of adequate b-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance), (3) Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, and (4) Gestational diabetes mellitus (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not overt diabetes prior to gestation)1. The most critical clinical forms are type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM). The latter is the type of diabetes for which between 90 and 95% of diagnosed cases of diabetes are registered worldwide. DM is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, and some types of ketonaemia. These pathologies cause various complications, such as retinopathies, neuropathies, and peripheral vascular insufficiencies. The dramatic increase in DM in recent years may be related to multiple factors, including obesity and a sedentary lifestyle in the population2.
Is serum vitamin D associated with diabetic retinopathy and its severity or with diabetes itself ?
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Sevim Ayça Seyyar, Nesime Setge Tıskaoğlu, Ecem Onder Tokuc, Murat Mercanlı, Levent Doğan
Epidemiological studies show that most cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus can be attributed to modifiable habits and lifestyle factors.21 For this reason, the identification of easily modifiable risk factors is important to prevent the development, not only of diabetes but also its complications. In recent years, the idea of following-up diabetic retinopathy risk with easily accessible laboratory data, such as serum VitD level has been investigated in different studies.22–25 VitD plays a role in angiogenesis, inflammation and insulin secretion. Angiogenesis is controlled by maintaining a balance between angiogenesis stimulating growth factors and angiogenesis inhibitors. Angiogenesis is linked with diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.26 It has been shown that calcitriol, the active metabolite of VitD, is a potent inhibitor of retinal neovascularization in a model of oxygen-dependent ischaemic retinopathy in mice.13 VitD also reduces the release of vascular endothelial growth factor.27