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Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, and nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome are the most common conditions linked to carbohydrate metabolism. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are distinguished by various features. Impaired glucose regulation is related to impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. These strong risk factors for diabetes mellitus may be present for many years before the disease actually manifests. Diabetes is linked to higher risks for cardiovascular disease, but in most cases, common microvascular complications do not develop. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is insufficient insulin produced, due to autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction. This situation may be initiated by environmental factors, if an individual is genetically susceptible. The beta cells are continually destroyed over months or years, until their mass has decreased to a point at which insulin concentration can no longer control plasma levels of glucose. Type 1 diabetes most often develops in childhood or adolescence. In the past decades, it was the most common form of diabetes diagnosed in people younger than age 30. However, type 1 diabetes can also develop in adults, often seeming to be type 2 diabetes at first, and described as latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood. In non-Caucasians, some cases of type 1 diabetes are idiopathic and do not apparently related to autoimmunity. It is not fully understood how beta cells are destroyed, but there are interactions between environmental factors, autoantigens, and susceptibility genes.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Plasma glucose levels increase with meals, rising slightly and then returning to basal levels after around two hours; therefore, both of these mechanisms are necessary for normal daily functioning. The most direct pathway for the formation of glucose is as a result of carbohydrate metabolism. As there is very little pure glucose in the diet, this results predominantly from the breakdown of the larger molecules, disaccharides and polysaccharides. The former are hydrolysed (broken down, using water to split the molecule) and absorbed rapidly, causing a prompt increase in plasma glucose concentration.
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
An important role in regulating the glycolysis enzymes in an organism is played by the synthetic fatty acids. Fatty acids and glucose react in the Randle glucose-fatty acid cycle whose direction is determined by the concentration and utilization of its substrates. Fatty acids inhibit not only glycolysis, but also the entering of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the pyruvatedehydrogenase reaction combining cytoplasmatic glycolysis with mitochondrial oxidation processes. Glucose is not only an energy and plastic factor, but also a regulating one. Autoregulation of carbohydrate metabolism is manifest in the increase in the glucose synthesis of glycogen, and also in the inhibition of glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis by modification of the activity of the relevant enzymes [458, 474, 490]. Lactate blocks the utilization of glucose by tissues and its oxidation in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle.
Recent developments in wearable & non-wearable point-of-care biosensors for cortisol detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Simran Kaur, Niharika Gupta, Bansi D. Malhotra
Stress can be associated with many biomarkers in a body, out of which cortisol is the most prominent one. Prolonged stress is responsible for activation of brain routes that stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, hence cortisol is known as the stress hormone. Cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone ((11β)-11,17,21-trihydroxy pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione), is a lipophilic molecule and is transported throughout the body via blood circulation. Physiologically, its role includes the modulation of blood pressure in order to supplement fat and glucose in muscles and brain, which further assist in successfully managing stress. However, the prolonged increase in cortisol has the potential to cause serious ailments like depression, hypertension, etc. [8–10]. It is a glucocorticoid hormone that is significantly involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, including glucose levels, carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure, etc. It also affects the cognitive abilities like memory, sleep, mood, fatigue, etc. [4]. Abnormalities in cortisol levels may indicate mental health concerns like depression and, hence, its regular monitoring can benefit at-risk individuals significantly.
Modulatory effect of isopulegol on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Karunanithi Kalaivani, Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan
Diabetes mellitus, a multifaceted metabolic disorder is characterized by reduced capacity of pancreatic β cells to release sufficient insulin along with alterations in its function. These changes in insulin production/action brings disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting in chronic hyperglycaemia (de Koning et al.2008). Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism are accompanied by changes in the activities of the enzymes that control glycolysis and gluconeogenesis resulting in impaired glucose utilisation and enhanced endogenous glucose production. HFD/STZ induced Wistar rats is considered to be a good model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary objective of this study is to examine whether oral administration of isopulegol to diabetic rats can improve the biochemical alterations in carbohydrate metabolism.
Pueraria lobata root polysaccharide alleviates glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction in diabetic db/db mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Dan Luo, Xiaokang Dong, Jie Huang, Chengcheng Huang, Guowei Fang, Yanqin Huang
The liver is one of the most important sites to regulate carbohydrate metabolism and plays an important role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (Han et al. 2019). It has been reported that insulin resistance affected the activity of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, thus decreased the capacity of hepatic tissue to synthesis glycogen, utilize and decompose glucose. Eventually, more glucose is secreted into the blood. Our findings indicated that PLP could increase hepatic glycogen content in db/db mice, which implied that PLP could regulate hepatic glucose homeostasis. PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) are the main rate-limiting enzymes involved in the regulation of liver gluconeogenesis. Glycogen synthase (GS) is one of the main rate-limiting enzymes involved in the regulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis (Ros et al. 2010). Our results indicated PLP treatment could suppress the activities of PEPCK and G6Pase enzyme, and downregulate the mRNA expression levels of PEPCK, G6PC, and FOXO1 in db/db mice, thus suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis. This is consistent with a previous report (Valenti et al. 2008), we found that MOMA-IR index, and PEPCK and G6PC mRNA levels were positively correlated with FOXO1 mRNA level. Moreover, our findings also showed that PLP treatment could upregulate the mRNA expression level of GS, thus promoting glycogenesis. The above findings showed that the activities of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes were modulated to notably decrease blood glucose by PLP.