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Hypoglycemia/Low Blood Sugar
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, but a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood glucose. That means a glucose level of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less. Hypoglycemia is uncommon in patients not treated for diabetes and is most often related to medications that lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Other conditions such as alcoholism, severe sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, and panhypopituitarism,1 as well as diet and medications (e.g., quinine, propranolol, high doses of aspirin) can also cause hypoglycemia. As blood glucose levels fall, a variety of symptoms and signs may ensue, including hunger, sweating, pallor, shakiness, clumsiness, weakness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures, coma, or death. In severe hypoglycemia, the patient is unable to care for himself and requires emergency medical care.
Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Specific Emergency Conditions in Forced Displacement Settings
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Natalie Roberts, Halfdan Holger Knudsen, Alvin Sornum, Taha Al-Taei, Barbara Scoralick Villela, Maryam Omar, Faith Traeh, Abdulkarim Ekzayez, Clare Shortall, Eric Weerts
Blood glucose should be established and monitored regularly. If a laboratory is available measuring lactate and electrolyte levels can help guide fluid treatment. A chest x-ray will help diagnose pulmonary oedema caused by smoke inhalation.
The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the management of erectile dysfunction with diabetes and blood circulation issues
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Jong Seung Lee, Seung-ho Hong, Hwa Yeon Sun, Hyunseung Jin, Byung Yeon Yu, Yong-jin Cho, Jin young Chang, Byung Wook Yoo
It is estimated that there are 537 million people with diabetes worldwide (20–79 years), accounting for approximately one out of five people aged 65 and above; by 2045, these would have increased to 783 million [1]. Due to westernized eating habits, such as the consumption of fast food, diabetes has become a common lifestyle disease with a prevalence of up to 13.7%. Diabetes, a condition with higher-than-normal blood glucose concentration, is caused by many factors, including aging, stress, obesity, and immune system abnormalities. Ninety percent of adult patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which can cause microvascular, macrovascular, and other miscellaneous complications (hyperglycemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy) through various mechanisms. In particular, erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in people with diabetes. A study reported that ED (including unstable erection) affects up to 50% of the diabetic population [2]. ED is attributed to different causes and can be of psychogenic (from psychological factors such as stress) and organic (caused by disabilities in the sex organ, blood vessel, endocrine, and nerve) types. Due to the high risk of complications in diabetes, patients often become psychologically anxious, and its complication, ED, also causes a loss of confidence, psychological frustration, and stress [3,4]. Thus, the patients should be cared for with a focus on this aspect as well.
The kidney antifibrotic effects of 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone from Bauhinia championii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: in vivo and in vitro experiments
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jialin Li, Xiaocui Huang, Kailun He, Suzhen Wu
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and the incidence of DM is increasing worldwide (Chung et al. 2021). According to the projections of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2019), approximately 700 million adults will live with diabetes (Azemi et al. 2021). Long-term high blood glucose level is associated with multiple complications such as diabetic renal fibrosis, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic cardiovascular disease (Guan et al. 2018). Diabetic renal fibrosis is one of the most serious of these complications (Jin et al. 2015). Overexpression and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix protein (ECM) such as fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV) in mesangial cells as well as the glomerular basement membrane thickening are the hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (DN) (Kanwar et al. 2008, 2011; Li et al. 2022). Currently, there are no commercially available drugs to cure DN. Insulin and antihypertensive drugs are the main alternative medicines for DN, however, they bring many side effects to the human body such as hypoglycemia, liver damage, lactic acidosis, diarrhea, etc. (Xu et al. 2012; Liang et al. 2018).
Investigating the effects of Citrullus colocynthis on cognitive performance and anxiety-like behaviors in STZ-induced diabetic rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Amir Hashem Aminizadeh, Khadijeh Esmaeilpour, Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk, Asie Sadeghi, Fouzieh Salimi
On day 15 after the STZ injection, the treatment was started with C. colocynthis. The aqueous extract of C. colocynthis was taken orally every day for 40days at a dose of 200mg/kg [8]. The rats were given glucose (2g/kg body weight) together with two different doses of Citrullus-colocynthis aqueous extract (CCAE), namely 100 or 200mg/kg of their body weight. The average blood glucose was 80-126mg/kg. The blood glucose was measured every 30, 60, 90, and 120min using a drop of blood taken from their tail by a glucometer. However, the dosage of 200mg/kg was more suitable for correcting the 2-h postprandial blood sugar levels compared to 100mg/kg. Consequently, it was chosen for the daily oral treatment of diabetic rats in all the treated groups.