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Noninvasive Photonic Sensing of Glucose in Bloodstream
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
In this experiment, the sensor was measuring the back-reflected patterns from the subject’s leg main blood artery area. To retain only signals of good quality, preprocessing recordings were preprocessed. Again, first, the glucose levels were taken from the subject after 12 hours of fasting. Each 10 minutes, a blood sample from a finger was taken to measure the glucose concentration with a glucometer (FreeStyle Lite Blood Glucose Monitoring System). First, the subject was measured with the optical method as well as with the reference device before drinking a sweetened drink. Afterward, the subject drank 500 ml of a sweetened drink. The ingredients of this drink are shown in Table 11.2.
Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Management of Common Illness
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Timely recognition, education and sick-day rules are effective in reducing the risk of progression to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). When managing children on sick days, ensure they are well hydrated with water or sugar-free fluids. Never stop or omit insulin. Increase the frequency of blood glucose monitoring to identify hyperglycaemia – see Table 13.4.2 (or hypoglycaemia). Monitor ketones regularly (blood is preferred over urine, as resources allow). The child may need to be admitted for adequate monitoring.
Effect of an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour in type 2 diabetic patients at a foot and eye care practice
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
B Pezeshki, S Orangi, SM Kashfi, P Afzali Harsini, F Mohammadkhah, A Khani Jeihooni
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases on a global scale.1 Due to the expanding number of affected individuals and the disease’s severity, these individuals should seek immediate medical assistance.2 Lack of precise blood glucose monitoring has been identified as a major issue for diabetics.3,4 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes affects over 346 million people globally. Without intervention, this figure is anticipated to more than double by 2030.5 By 2030, it is anticipated that 9.2 million Iranians will have diabetes.6 Diabetes patients are at an increased risk of developing acute and fatal complications (diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and diabetes-related foot problems and amputation) due to poor blood sugar control.7 In the absence of therapy, diabetic foot is one of the most serious and debilitating complications of diabetes, resulting in infection, soft-tissue infection or necrosis, and amputation.8 Jordan believes that with attentive care, 80–85% of diabetic foot amputations can be avoided. Optimal diabetic foot management entails doing daily self-foot inspections, frequently washing and drying feet, avoiding walking barefoot, using orthopaedic shoes, clipping toenails straight across, avoiding manipulation of calluses and corns, and consulting a doctor on a regular basis.9
Comparative efficacy and safety of two insulin aspart formulations (Rapilin and NovoRapid) when combined with metformin, for patients with diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Jun Yao, Xiaohui Guo, Li Sun, Ping Han, Xiaofeng Lv, Xiuzhen Zhang, Zhaohui Mo, Wenying Yang, Lihui Zhang, Zhanjian Wang, Lvyun Zhu, Quanmin Li, Tao Yang, Wenbo Wang, Yaoming Xue, Yongquan Shi, Juming Lu, Yongde Peng, Fan Zhang, Dewen Yan, Damei Wang, Xuefeng Yu
Hypoglycemic events were recorded by patients in their daily log, including all blood glucose values of ≤3.9 mmoI/L (70 mg/dL) or values of >3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) if they were accompanied by hypoglycemia symptoms. Hypoglycemia episodes were categorized based on American Diabetes Association classifications19,20. These included severe hypoglycemia (an event that required help from others to effectively administer carbohydrates, glucagon, or other recovery measures); documented symptomatic hypoglycemia (an event accompanied by typical hypoglycemia symptoms and blood glucose measured at ≤3.9 mmol/L [70 mg/dL]); asymptomatic hypoglycemia (an event not accompanied by typical hypoglycemia symptoms, but with blood glucose measured at ≤3.9 mmol/L [70 mg/dL]); probable symptomatic hypoglycemia (an event with hypoglycemia symptoms, but no blood glucose monitoring value) and relative hypoglycemia (an event when the patient reports typical hypoglycemia symptoms and interprets them as a manifestation of hypoglycemia, but with blood glucose measured at >3.9 mmol/L [70 mg/dL]). There was an additional classification of a mild hypoglycemic event defined as a blood glucose value of <2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) with no symptoms or symptoms that the patient was able to manage by themselves. Only hypoglycemic events meeting the criteria for an SAE (AEs requiring new or prolonged hospitalization, which lead to permanent disability, impact the ability to work, or are life-threatening) were recorded as AEs.
Sleep and Night-time Caregiving in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – A Qualitative Study
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2020
Grace C. Macaulay, Sara E. Boucher, Ahrabie Yogarajah, Barbara C. Galland, Benjamin J. Wheeler
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses of childhood and requires ongoing intensive management. Parents of children with T1DM assume the majority of responsibility for medical care (Monaghan, Herbert, Cogen, & Streisand, 2012; Monaghan, Hilliard, Cogen, & Streisand, 2009; Sullivan-Bolyai, Deatrick, Gruppuso, Tamborlane, & Grey, 2002), with parents of young children understandably carrying a greater burden of care (Patton, Dolan, Henry, & Powers, 2007; Sullivan-Bolyai et al., 2002; Sullivan-Bolyai, Deatrick, Gruppuso, Tamborlane, & Grey, 2003). Such aspects of care include frequent blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration and dietary modification to maintain optimal glycaemic control and prevent both hypo- and hyperglycemia (Danne et al., 2018; DiMeglio et al., 2018; Smart et al., 2018). Similar to experiences of parents of children with other chronic illness (Meltzer & Moore, 2008), the often complex “around the clock” care and vigilance required to manage T1DM can contribute to parental sleep disturbance and chronic sleep deprivation (Barnard, James, et al., 2016; Herbert, Monaghan, Cogen, & Streisand, 2015; Jaser et al., 2017; Landau et al., 2014; Monaghan et al., 2009¸2012; Sullivan-Bolyai et al., 2003) with subsequent negative impacts on psychosocial functioning (Barnard, James, et al., 2016).