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Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Diabetes
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The amount of glucose in the blood can be checked by a finger-prick of blood transferred to a small card strip which is inserted into a glucose meter. The meter displays the result on the screen. Alternatively, there are continuous glucose-monitoring systems which involve the long-term insertion of a sensor into the body. It picks up the glucose levels in the interstitial fluid in and around the body’s cells. In healthcare settings a HbA1c blood test may be taken; the result indicates the average blood glucose level over time.In the context of diabetes, we are concerned with the total amount of digestible carbohydrate that is eaten.
Healthcare Data Organization
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
The structure that makes the medical devices plug-and-play and facilitates a data-exchange without any interoperability issue are part of the IEEE standard commonly known as HIB (Health Information Bus) or MIB (Medical Information Bus). Health-information-bus is analogous to the memory bus in a computer where data can travel in a standardized format to different destinations starting from the hardware sensors. Some devices that are covered through Health Information Bus (HIB) are: 1) vital signs monitor, 2) ventilator, 3) pulse oximeter – measures the oxygen content, 4) defibrillator – used for heart stimulation during cardiac-arrest, 5) ECG, 6) insulin pump – used for administering insulin to diabetic patients, 7) body composition analyzer – used to estimate the fat content in a body, 8) sleep-apnea breathing equipment and 9) glucose meter – used to measure the glucose in the blood.
Point of care blood glucose devices in the hospital setting
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
Nam K. Tran, Clayton LaValley, Berit Bagley, John Rodrigo
The success of home blood glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes using SMBG devices has been reported in the literature [51]. However, the extension of SMBG devices to the hospital setting has created unintended challenges for laboratory professionals. Non-laboratory healthcare professionals may have misunderstood the FDA approval of devices for home blood glucose monitoring and they may have considered them to be accepted devices to measure glucose in hospitalized patients [52]. Even among some laboratory professionals, there were false assumptions that POC blood glucose meters were error-free and did not require strict regulation. The importance of glucose meter performance was not fully realized until the FDA required in vitro diagnostic manufacturers to prove that the performance of BGMS in critically ill patients was accurate. The enforcement of this regulation by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services resulted in many facilities being surprised [53]. Many facilities were forced to address POC glucose meter accuracy (or inaccuracy) directly [16].
Carbohydrate utilization by the gut microbiome determines host health responsiveness to whole grain type and processing methods
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Caroline Smith, Mallory J. Van Haute, Yibo Xian, Rafael R. Segura Munoz, Sujun Liu, Robert J. Schmaltz, Amanda E. Ramer-Tait, Devin J. Rose
An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT) was performed after 11 weeks of dietary intervention.26 Mice were fasted in clean cages for 6 h prior to the test. Thirty minutes prior to the test, blood was collected from the tip of the tail to measure fasting glucose concentration using a glucose meter (ACCU-CHEK, Aviva Plus system, Indianapolis, IN, USA). An aliquot of blood was also saved for subsequent insulin analysis via ELISA (Mercodia Insulin ELISA Kit, Uppsala Sweden). At time zero, a glucose solution (20 g/100 mL) was injected into the peritoneal cavity (1 g glucose/kg body weight). Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucose meter (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min after glucose injection. An index of insulin resistance [Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)] was calculated using the formula: [fasting glucose (mg/dL) * fasting insulin (μU/mL)]/405.27
Comparative efficacy and safety of two insulin aspart formulations (Rapilin and NovoRapid) when combined with metformin, for patients with diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Jun Yao, Xiaohui Guo, Li Sun, Ping Han, Xiaofeng Lv, Xiuzhen Zhang, Zhaohui Mo, Wenying Yang, Lihui Zhang, Zhanjian Wang, Lvyun Zhu, Quanmin Li, Tao Yang, Wenbo Wang, Yaoming Xue, Yongquan Shi, Juming Lu, Yongde Peng, Fan Zhang, Dewen Yan, Damei Wang, Xuefeng Yu
Patients were randomized 3:1, without stratification, to receive either Rapilin or NovoRapid (Figure 1). Block randomization using numbers generated by PROC PLAN SAS software was utilized. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to study entry. The patients were provided with blood glucose meters and test strips and were instructed in the proper use of the blood glucose meter, including how to perform regular calibrations according to the factory instructions. The patients were required to perform 7-point blood glucose measurements (before breakfast, 2 h after breakfast, before lunch, 2 h after lunch, before dinner, 2 h after dinner, and before bed) any 2 consecutive days prior to all outpatient and telephone visits. Outpatient or telephone consultations were conducted weekly during the first 8 weeks, and then every 2 weeks during weeks 8–12, and every 4 weeks for the last 12–24 weeks. Specimens collected at weeks 0, 12, and 24 were analyzed at a central laboratory. Patients meeting the criteria for serious hyperglycemia after week 12 received insulin glargine at the discretion of the study investigator; otherwise, patients were not permitted to receive insulin formulations other than the study medication.