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Noninvasive Photonic Sensing of Glucose in Bloodstream
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
During the second part (Figure 11.5) of these tests, the subject drank the same amount of water without glucose. It is shown that during the first test (i.e., glucose test), there is an increase in the measured distribution corresponding to the real value of the glucose concentration in the bloodstream. However, as expected, during the second experiment (i.e., the water test), there is no change of the predicted values. The aim of the water test is to demonstrate that the technique is not affected by the changes in the volume of the blood, due to the addition of the drinking water, but rather the variations in the measured values are indeed due to the modification in the glucose level in the bloodstream.
Hospital Systems
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
As hospitals store more and more structured information on computers, the need for terminology management becomes critical. A terminology server manages concepts and their relationships to each other; it also provides mappings between current and historical local terminologies and mappings to standard terminologies. For example, the terminology server might keep track of the concept of a glucose laboratory test as represented in two different laboratory systems managed by the hospital. It might also keep a mapping to the code used to represent glucose in a system no longer used by the hospital. It could also map the local lab codes to the standard terminology LOINC© (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes). Finally, it might map related concepts together – diabetes and A1C tests might both be related to the glucose test. A terminology server is able to provide a multitude of translational services as well as an intelligent repository of hospital metadata. NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital uses the Medical Entities Dictionary, which maintains over 100,000 interconnected concepts.19 HL7© has published specifications for standard interactions with terminology servers using the HL7© FHIR© standard.
Diabetes
Published in Samar Razaq, Difficult Cases in Primary Care, 2021
Once suspected, the diagnosis of diabetes is not difficult. Historically, it was noted that the urine in diabetes sufferers was sweet. A urine test will confirm the presence of glucose, and should be followed by a single, immediate capillary blood glucose test. Capillary blood sugar levels greater than 11.1 mmol/L are diagnostic of diabetes. No further investigation is required in primary care and the child should be referred to hospital for further assessment. This should be treated as a medical emergency and the child must be seen in secondary care on the same day. At this stage it is appropriate to tell parents what you think the problem is. This is usually fairly distressing news to the parents, as most understand the chronic nature of the condition. The purpose of admission on the same day is to start insulin straight away to prevent the likelihood of developing the aforementioned DKA. On arrival in hospital the diagnosis will be confirmed with blood glucose testing from a venous sample. In primary care, to reduce the risk of a false positive, it is important to wash and dry the child’s hands prior to taking the capillary blood glucose measurement to prevent the child’s latest sweet snack contributing to a high reading and causing unnecessary distress.
Effectiveness of system-based intervention in reducing incidence of type 2 diabetes and to improve the postnatal metabolic profiles in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Kai Wei Lee, Siow Foon Tan, Azahadi Omar, Nazrila Hairizan Nasir, Siew Mooi Ching, Mohd Khairi Mohd Noor, Noor Azreen Masdor, Yeow Siong Lee, Salmah Noordin, Hazlin Mohamed
Both the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Diabetes Association recommend that women whose pregnancy was complicated by GDM be screened for persistent glucose abnormality at 6–12 weeks postpartum with either a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test alone or with a fasting 75-g, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) [10,11]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline recommends fasting plasma glucose test 6–13 weeks after birth to exclude diabetes and then annually if the fasting plasma glucose is normal [12]. According to Malaysian clinical practice guidelines for diabetes in pregnancy, it is recommended that women with a history of GDM undergo postpartum glucose testing six weeks after delivery. In a government health clinic, OGTT appointments at 6-week postpartum will be given routinely and there is no yearly screening if the OGTT test is normal [13].
The efficacy and safety of a homoharringtonine-based protocol for children with acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective study in China
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2020
Yanjing Tang, Chengjuan Luo, Shuhong Shen, Huiliang Xue, Ci Pan, Wenting Hu, Xiaoxiao Chen, Jiaoyang Cai, Jing Chen, Jingyan Tang
Toxicity responses were evaluated according to the modified National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. We evaluated myelosuppression by the duration of neutropenia (ANC <200/μl and <500/μl) or thrombocytopenia (PLT <50,000/μl) in the HD cytarabine courses. Infectious diseases and episodes were defined as clinical signs or symptoms, fever of unknown origin, and microbiologically-documented or clinically-documented infection. Febrile neutropenia was defined as neutropenia with the temperature >38.5 °C once or 38 °C–38.5 °C twice within 4-h interval. Microbiologically-documented bloodstream infection was defined as fever with microorganism species identified from peripheral blood culture and/or from the central venous catheter culture. Invasive fungal infection was defined as proven, probable, or possible according with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group criteria.16 The indications for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission were severe infectious disease such as shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and drug-induced severe organ dysfunction. In addition, a blood glucose test was added for patients with clinical symptoms such as polydipsia and polyuria.
Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Surajit Pathak, Roberto Catanzaro, Dharani Vasan, Francesco Marotta, Yashna Chabria, Ganesan Jothimani, Rama Shanker Verma, Murugesan Ramachandran, Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh, Antara Banerjee
For blood glucose determination, standard glucose test kit (enzymatic, GOD-POD method) from Span Diagnostics, India, was used and the level of blood glucose was determined by Spectrophotometer (Pharmaspec UV 1700, Shimadzu, Japan) at 550 nm. Glucose oxidase is known to oxidize glucose into gluconic acid and H2O2. In a subsequent peroxidase catalyzed reaction, a chromogen system accepts the liberated oxygen and gives rise to a red colored Quinoneimine compound, which is measured at 505 nm and is directly proportional to the body glucose levels. Hemoglobin content was determined by Sahli’s method with the help of a hemometer (Marienfield, Germany). Bilirubin when reacted with diazotized sulfanilic acid forms a pink colored azo-compound. Direct bilirubin (conjugated or soluble fraction) reacts very quickly and is read by measuring color developed within 3 s of the reaction.