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Metabolic Syndrome
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Metabolic syndrome is also referred to as insulin-resistant syndrome, cardiometabolic syndrome, syndrome X, and Reaven syndrome. Currently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) defines metabolic syndrome as central obesity of more than 37 inches (94 cm) in men and more than 31.5 inches (88 cm) in women. Patients have slightly different qualifying waist measurements based on various ethnicities, plus two of the following four factors: ∎ Triglycerides over 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this.∎ HDL cholesterol under 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in men, and under 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women, or specific treatment for this.∎ Systolic BP of 130 mm Hg or more, and diastolic BP of 85 mm Hg or more, or treatment of diagnosed hypertension.∎ Fasting blood glucose of 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or higher, or diagnosed diabetes; if above these levels, an oral glucose tolerance test is recommended, but is not required to define metabolic syndrome as being present.
Medical Aspects of Pregnancy
Published in Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz, Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
Regular fetal monitoring can include an ultrasound test at 12 weeks to determine the precise date of gestation. There is a marked uniformity of size of the early fetus in the early stages of a pregnancy that makes the anticipated date of delivery more accurate (Papageorghiou et al. 2014). Early ultrasound also assists with the assessment of pregnancy viability and fetal chromosomal abnormality (e.g., Down Syndrome). This is done through multiple measurements including the neck thickness of the fetus (nuchal translucency) and blood tests that indicate placental function. A glucose tolerance test may be useful in some situations for the early detection of gestational diabetes (Sweeting et al. 2018).
Biochemistry
Published in Michael McGhee, A Guide to Laboratory Investigations, 2019
A glucose tolerance test is indicated if: the random plasma glucose concentration is >6 but <11 mmol/lthere is a strong clinical indication of the possibility of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Interpretation
Spontaneous quadruplet pregnancy: a case report and review of literature
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Mrugaya Dhavliker, Mahishee Mehta, Ashis Sau
She had previous history of three full term vaginal deliveries. The first two pregnancies were complicated with pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes. Her booking BMI was 40 kg/m2 (height-1.58 m, weight-102 kg) with a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. She conceived while on the contraceptive implant which was inserted about 6 months ago. The diagnosis was made on an early pregnancy ultrasound at 10 weeks’ gestation. She was counselled regarding the risks associated with multiple pregnancies by our Foetal Medicine Consultant. The option of selective foeticide to twin pregnancy was discussed, but she was keen to continue this quadruplet pregnancy. She was commenced on folic acid, Aspirin, and micronized progesterone pessaries. First trimester ultrasound and screening were reported to be normal and it was identified as dichorionic quadra-amniotic pregnancy based on two placentas and four amniotic sacs seen. Glucose tolerance test was done at 16 weeks and repeated at 26 weeks, which were normal. Delivery by elective caesarean section was planned at 32 weeks. She presented to our labour ward at 28 weeks and 6 days with threatened preterm labour. She was given a course of corticosteroids and she remained as an inpatient until delivery.
Longterm effects of rotational night shift work on expression of circadian genes and its association with postprandial triglyceride levels – A pilot study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
M Aslam, SV Madhu, K Keithellakpam, M Mehndiratta, BK Mishra, V Neh
Study participants were called one week after the oral glucose tolerance test for laboratory study (blood sampling for various parameters) scheduled at 08:00 h. Between the one week interval of the oral glucose tolerance test and the laboratory study, it was ensured that none of the study participants engaged in night shift duty. In addition, participants were asked to follow the following instructions: (i) during this week and on the morning of the laboratory study, obtain a minimum of 15 min exposure to outdoor natural light within 90 min of waking up to strengthen the regularity of their circadian rhythm; (ii) commencing two days prior to the laboratory study refrain from alcohol, caffeine, and heavy exercise; and (iii) on the day prior to the laboratory study refrain from foods and drinks other than water before consuming a standard dinner between 18:00 and 19:00 h and thereafter fasting for 12 h.
Fast dissolving electrospun polymeric films of anti-diabetic drug repaglinide: formulation and evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Shreya Thakkar, Namdev More, Dilip Sharma, Govinda Kapusetti, Kiran Kalia, Manju Misra
The oral glucose tolerance test was performed to measure blood glucose levels. For all the groups, blood glucose level reached to peak at ∼ 60 min after glucose load (Table 2). Administration of single dose of formulations (nanofibers as well as casted film) significantly delimited increase in blood glucose level in the time period of 30–120 min in comparison to control group as well as free drug. It was found that formulations significantly decreased glucose levels compared to pure drug (*p < .05 versus pure drug). Probable reason for this effect of formulation could be due to improved solubility and dissolution of drug which would lead to faster absorption of drug by immediate release and thus improved the bioavailability of repaglinide. Results obtained from this study revealed superiority of formulation over free drug as both the formulations showed better control over blood glucose levels.