China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Phenobarbital
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Allergic reactions may occur with PB and eterobarb. A skin rash is the most frequent reaction. A mild rash not associated with fever or abnormal liver function may disappear with continued treatment. If the rash is severe or associated with fever or liver abnormalities, discontinue treatment as the rash may progress to exfoliative dermatitis. Elevations of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) or serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) are most likely a reflection of induction, and treatment may continue. Patients should always be advised of the possibility of an allergic reaction. More severe allergic reactions include hepatitis, bone marrow depression, and a systemic lupus erythematosuslike reaction. Baseline laboratory studies that should be obtained before starting barbiturate treatment include blood chemistries, complete blood count with differential and platelets, and serum concentration of any AEDs being taken.
Non-viral liver disease
Published in Michael JG Farthing, Anne B Ballinger, Drug Therapy for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2019
John ML Christie, Roger WG Chapman
Elevated serum gamma glutamyltransferase (γGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), with an AST greater than ALT elevation are common with alcoholic liver disease. Macrocytosis, which occurs in other types of liver disease, is enhanced by the toxic effect of alcohol on the bone marrow. Leucocytosis in the absence of infection may occur as a result of the liver inflammation and thrombocytopenia can arise from the toxic effect of alcohol. Elevated bilirubin, prolonged prothrombin time and low albumin indicates more severe disease. Liver histology ranges from fatty liver (steatosis) to alcoholic hepatitis to cirrhosis. Often the features of all three are seen at once. Steatosis is considered fully reversible and alcoholic hepatitis at least partially reversible. Alcoholic hepatitis has been shown to be an important precursor to fibrosis and cirrhosis, although more recent studies have shown that alcohol can stimulate fibrosis without alcoholic hepatitis.
Biochemistry
Published in Michael McGhee, A Guide to Laboratory Investigations, 2019
ALP is primarily produced by liver and bone (it is also produced in the placenta and gut). Raised ALP and raised gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) or other liver enzymes suggest cholestasis or hepatic cell damage or congestion.
Justicia carnea extracts ameliorated hepatocellular damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats via decrease in oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing other risk markers
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
John Adeolu Falode, Oluwaseun Igbekele Ajayi, Tolulope Victoria Isinkaye, Akinwunmi Oluwaseun Adeoye, Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, Bartholomew I. C. Brai
Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assayed using the method described by Reitman and Frankel (1957). Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was determined from the serum using the method described by Szasz (1969). Serum albumin was determined using the method described by Doumas et al. (1971). Serum bilirubin was determined using the method described by Jendrassik and Grof (1938). The method described by Wright et al. (1972) was employed in determining alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity was measured by the method described by Gancedo and Gancedo (1971). The method described by Trinder (1969) was used for the determination of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity determination. Hexokinase activity was examined using the procedure described by Brandstrup et al. (1957). The hepatic glycogen concentration was determined using the method described by Trinder (1969).
Dexamethasone increases renal free fatty acids and xanthine oxidase activity in female rats: could there be any gestational impact?
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Olufunto O. Badmus, Isaiah W. Sabinari, Lawrence A. Olatunji
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured by a standardized enzymatic colorimetric method using assay kit obtained from Fortress Diagnostics Limited, Antrim, UK. The GGT in the sample recognized L-γ-Glutamyl-pNA as a specific substrate leading to proportional color development (Braun et al.1978). Alanine transaminase (ALT) was measured by a standardized enzymatic colorimetric method using an assay kit (Catalog Number: BXC0213; Fortress Diagnostics Limited, Antrim, UK). Using this kit, ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate, the products of this reversible transamination reaction being pyruvate and glutamate. The pyruvate was detected in a reaction that concomitantly converts a nearly colorless probe to color. Also, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was measured by a standardized enzymatic colorimetric method using an assay kit (Catalog Number: BXC0203; Fortress Diagnostics Limited, Antrim, UK). Using this method, an amino group was transferred from aspartate to α-ketoglutarate. The products of this reversible transamination reaction were oxaloacetate and glutamate. The glutamate was detected in a reaction that concomitantly converts a nearly colorless probe to color. Likewise, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by standardized enzymatic colorimetric method using an assay kit (Catalog Number: BXC0183; Fortress Diagnostics Limited, Antrim, UK). This method used p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as a phosphatase substrate which turns yellow (ODmax= 405 nm) when dephosphorylated by ALP.
Associations between alcohol and liver enzymes are modified by coffee, cigarettes, and overweight in a Swedish female population
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Kirsten Mehlig, Andreas Schult, Cecilia Björkelund, Dag Thelle, Lauren Lissner
The present study aims to fill in two important gaps: first, we investigate the modulating effects of coffee, smoking, and weight status on the association between ethanol intake and indicators of liver function in one model, accounting for potentially opposite effects of correlated behaviors. Second, to add evidence for effect modification of alcohol-related liver damage in women we based the analyses on data from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden, a representative sample of women aged 38–60 in 1968, and followed over up to 50 years. Lifestyle behaviors and weight status were assessed in 1968 and 1974, and average exposures were defined. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as well as aspartate transaminase (AST) are markers for liver function and were both measured 12 years after baseline. We aimed to characterize the correlations between exposure variables, and the modulating effect of coffee, smoking, and weight status on alcohol-related rise of liver enzymes in a female population.