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Mouse Mutations with Endocrine Functional Consequences
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
The consequences of androgen deficiency in men represents the other side of this issue. Males with hypogonadotrophin hypogonadism exhibit a decided feminine hair type and hair distribution caused by the lack of adequate androgen to complete masculinization. In cases of X-linked testicular feminization, the XTfm/Y individual also develops a feminine phenotype, but this time because of a defective androgen receptor. It is worth noting here that in spite of accumulating knowledge regarding androgen excess or insufficiency and hair growth, there are numerous instances of idiopathic hirsutism that lack any coherent explanation and emphasize the complexity of cutaneous biology. The questions to be answered here relate to mechanisms, of course. Are these cases of increased sensitivity to androgens, nongenomic actions of androgen, altered steroid turnover or metabolism in tissues, loss or absence of unsuspected regulatory genes, or genetic differences in dermal-hair follicular cell interactions?
Androgens and bone function
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
The clinical sequelae of androgen deficiency in women and the benefits of testosterone replacement are being increasingly acknowledged. Androgen replacement in postmenopausal women is potentially an effective alternative therapeutic approach to osteopenia and osteoporosis, however prospective data confirming a reduction in fracture rate with such therapy in women are lacking. Further basic scientific and clinical research into the role of androgens in bone function is required, in order to define the appropriate clinical application of androgen replacement in postmenopausal women.
Hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, and infertility in men
Published in Philip E. Harris, Pierre-Marc G. Bouloux, Endocrinology in Clinical Practice, 2014
Pierre-Marc G. Bouloux, Shalender Bhasin
Hypogonadism is a multisystem syndrome associated with impaired androgen production or action. Androgen deficiency can result from abnormalities of testicular function (primary hypogonadism), hypothalamic or pituitary regulation of testicular function (secondary hypogonadism), or impairment of androgen action at the target tissue (androgen resistance).
The Role of testosterone treatment in patients with metabolic disorders
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Giovanni Corona, Giulia Rastrelli, Linda Vignozzi, Arcangelo Barbonetti, Alessandra Sforza, Edoardo Mannucci, Mario Maggi
The direction of the association between androgen deficiency and metabolic disturbances is difficult to dissect, at least based on cross-sectional studies. Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies indicate that having T2DM at baseline increases the risk of having low T at follow-up [30,31]. However, several studies, recently reviewed in [39], also indicate that having a low T at baseline increases the risk of developing T2DM. This observation has been confirmed by a recent review and meta-analysis, followed by Mendelian randomization, aimed at identifying the causal risk factors for T2DM [40]. Of the 170 scrutinized possible risk factors, 34 exposures showed a causal association with T2DM and eight of them retained significance after adjusting for BMI. Among them, high T shows a significant protective effect [40]. The aforementioned evidence indicates that low T favors T2DM and T2DM favors low T; hence, there is a bidirectional association. Similar evidence exists to support a bidirectional association between androgen deficiency and the other two metabolic conditions, i.e. obesity and MetS [reviewed in 39, 41, 42].
The effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) and orchidectomy on bone turnover markers and histomorphometry in rats
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Nur-Vaizura Mohamad, Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana, Kok-Yong Chin
Results of circulating bone turnover markers in this study coincided with the histomorphometric observation, whereby orchidectomy increased CTX-1, a product of bone matrix degradation and a marker of bone resorption in the rats. The level of CTX-1 was elevated in buserelin groups but did not reach statistical significance. However, osteocalcin level was not significantly affected by androgen deprivation. Conventionally, androgen deficiency is related to decreased bone formation and oestrogen deficiency is associated with increased bone resorption [33]. Androgen and oestrogen were interconvertible through aromatase and both play a role in determining bone health in men [34]. Considering these facts, it is hypothesised that orchidectomy and buserelin initially suppress bone formation due to androgen deprivation as reported by Chin et al. [31,32], and subsequently increase bone resorption due to the loss of circulating oestrogen as reported in this study. It is acknowledged that bone turnover is a dynamic process and high bone turnover (concurrent increased in bone formation and resorption) has been reported in other castrated male rat models [20,29,35]. This hypothesis needs to be validated in another study assessing sequential changes in bone turnover in castrated male rats.
Attitude towards sexuality and sexual behaviors among men with heart rhythm disorders
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Rafal Mlynarski, Agnieszka Mlynarska, Krzysztof S. Golba
Decreased sexual frequency and loss of libido can also predict a higher 10-year cardiovascular risk, what was documented by Ho et al in hypogonadal men [26]. The incidence of erectile dysfunction increases with age and depends on many health and psychosocial factors. The conditions and states that are associated with erectile dysfunction include diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, difficult micturition, low socioeconomic status, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, depression, subjectively reported premature ejaculation, low libido, and irregular intercourse [27]. The lowest prevalence of erectile dysfunction is observed in men who do not have chronic conditions and live a healthy lifestyle. Erectile dysfunction can be seen as both a risk factor and a clinical manifestation of the progression of atherosclerosis [28]. We also believe that substances like Testofen, a specialized Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract can support sexual function in aging males [29]. Rao et al. in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examined influence of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed in 120 healthy men aged between 43 and 70 years of age. Authors concluded that Testofen is a safe and effective treatment for reducing symptoms of possible androgen deficiency, improves sexual function and increases serum testosterone in healthy middle-aged and older men. Unfortunately, additional research in patients with cardiac arrythmias is necessary to support our thesis.