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Breast Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Postoperative radiation may, unfortunately, preclude the use of thermography to detect BrCA recurrence. Following radiotherapy, the irradiated breast becomes hyperthermal; this increased inflammation can continue for 6 months to a year.34 Therefore, it is recommended that at least 6 months elapse before thermal imaging due to the residual inflammation. Postoperative radiation “burns” should decrease in time, while signs of BrCA recurrence will not. See Figure 9.29 on page 112 for an example of post-radiation hyperthermia of the breast.
Radiobiology of Normal Tissues
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Figure 7.6 shows data on the volume effect in pig skin (Hopewell 1986). The pig was chosen for these studies because the structure of its skin is similar to that of man. Strontium-90 plaques (β– emitter) of differing diameter were placed on the skin, and dose–response curves were generated as shown. As the plaque diameter was decreased from 40 mm to 2 mm, the skin dose that was required to produce moist desquamation increased from around 26 Gy to over 150 Gy. This indicates that there is a very large volume effect in skin over this small range of field sizes. Such an effect may well be due to the ability of undamaged epithelial cells to migrate into the irradiated area from its periphery and repopulate it, an effect that will clearly be more effective over millimetre than centimetre distances. Changing the field size in the clinical situation from 20 cm to 15 cm may show a volume effect, but ingrowth from the edges of the field is probably only a minor factor here and therefore ineffective at these large field sizes. More important could be the discomfort, pain and potential for infection of a large radiation burn compared with a smaller one. In other tissues, such as the spinal cord, marked volume effects have also been seen in small animals over millimetre dimensions (Hopewell et al. 1987).
Radiation Toxicity
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Radiation burn (sunburn) is commonly caused by acute intense or prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV rays. The recent fashionable phenomenon of obtaining a “tan” in tanning salons has resulted in excess exposure to tanning lamps, although these lamps produce more UVA than UVB.* Despite the availability of “sun blocking” products containing 5% PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) that protect against the damaging effects of UV radiation, complications from sunburn still abound. The dissemination of public knowledge concerning the harmful effects of excessive exposure to the sun has not abated the development of its serious clinical effects, including the production of acute reactions (sunburn), chronic changes (skin cancer), or photosensitivity.
The Goiânia incident, the semiotics of danger, and the next 10,000 years
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Joseph Clemons, Adam Blumenberg
Observations from serial bone marrow aspirates and biopsies corresponded with changes in granulocyte concentrations. The granulocyte recovery kinetics demonstrated a marked difference between treated and untreated individuals. Moreover, the application of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not appear to influence the recovery of red blood cells or platelets. Four out of eight patients treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor survived, with the fatalities being patients colonized with gram-negative bacteria prior to the initiation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment. The side effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment were generally mild. Some instances of respiratory failure and/or pulmonary edema were reported during therapy, predominantly in patients with bacterial sepsis. Although these episodes were primarily attributed to infection, an effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor could not be definitively excluded. Both patients who exhibited spontaneous hematological recovery survived, with one requiring forearm amputation due to severe radiation burns [15].
Prognostic assessment of the zone of occurrence of radiation combined injuries within a nuclear blast area
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Igor Cherniavskiy, Volodymyr Vinnikov
The experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed that after an explosion of a medium-sized, fission-type nuclear weapon (NW) the RCI accounted for 65% of all injuries, and in the 1986 Chernobyl NPP accident 49% of the 115 victims with acute radiation sickness also suffered from radiation burns (Flynn and Goans 2006; DiCarlo et al. 2008). RCI are far more complicated than a simple radiation injury, thermal burns, or trauma, because of synergistic exacerbating of damaging effects. The RCI prognosis and treatment are much more difficult than that of simple injury (DiCarlo et al. 2008; DiCarlo et al. 2010; DiCarlo et al. 2011). The presence of individuals with RCI at the nuclear explosion site essentially changes the triage assignments: Such victims represent the ‘immediate care’ category during triage in ‘normal resources’ conditions, but are moved to ‘delayed care’ or ‘death expectants’ when available medical resources are scarce (NATO 1996; USDA 2001; Coleman et al. 2011).
Third-degree burn mouse treatment using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 2
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
Thu-Minh Tran-Nguyen, Khanh-Thien Le, Le-Giang Thi Nguyen, Thanh-Loan Thi Tran, Phuong-Cac Hoang-Thai, Thuoc Linh Tran, Sik-Loo Tan, Hieu Tran-Van
Burn is commonly divided into several types due to the causing agents, including thermal burn, ice burn, chemical burn, electrical burn, and radiation burn. However, thermal burn is the most popular one in human daily life. Categorically, there are four main burn degrees based on wound depth including first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree. The first-degree burn is milder than the others as only the epidermis is damaged. This burn degree frequently is not dangerous and does not generate scar tissue because blood vessels are still intact. In contrast, second- and third-degree burns are more dangerous as the damage reaches dermis and subcutaneous tissues, respectively. Finally, fourth-degree is the most severe burn state that muscle and bone are damaged (Jeschke et al. 2020; Fagen, Shalaby-Rana, and Jackson 2015). Most necrosis and mortalities caused by burns result from second-, third-, and fourth-degree burns. The wound healing process in these cases is more complicated thus it takes a long time and often needs suitable treatments to boost the tissue repair.