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Community and environment as determinants of health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Thomas Man-chi Dao, Bean S.N. Fu
Global warming causes increased frequency and duration of heatwaves, and it also leads to an increase in extreme weathers which have a direct impact on human health. The heatwave was defined as the average daily temperature over the 98.5 percentile of the temperature distribution in that community for more than 2–4 consecutive days. The heatwave prevalence has a steady and substantial increase in the United States since 1970 (Oswald, 2018). Excessive heat in a long summer may cause heatstroke, sunstroke, fluid and electrolyte disorders and acute kidney failure. It increases the risk of hospitalisation and even death, especially for patients with chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. As a threat to everyone’s health, the UNFCCC adopted the Paris Agreement by 196 Parties in 2015. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
Health impact of disasters on older people
Published in Emily Ying Yang Chan, Disaster Public Health and Older People, 2019
Search and rescue are the key immediate responses to earthquakes. Medical services are needed to manage the casualties, with a high volume of injuries and fractures expected in the first few weeks after an earthquake. Orthopaedic surgeons and anaesthesiologists are vital. Nephrologists or physicians specialising in renal care are also essential in the initial phase of disaster relief as patients with crush injuries may develop acute kidney failure. In Haiti, after the earthquake in January 2010, kidney failure became one of the most urgent medical concerns (Portilla, Shaffer, Okusa, Mehrotra, Molitoris, Bunchman, & Ibrahim, 2010) (see also Case Box 4.3).
Poisoning Treatment
Published in David J. George, Poisons, 2017
Hemodialysis is used in some emergency situations unrelated to toxic exposures. These include acute kidney failure and life-threatening changes in fluids, electrolytes, or acid–base imbalances that are resistant to other forms of medical management. In poisoning situations, hemodialysis may also be employed in selected cases to increase the elimination of toxicants from the body. Hemodialysis requires specialized equipment and expertise and is amenable to use with toxicants with low molecular weight, high solubility, minimal plasma protein binding, and limited tissue distribution. The most common poisonings in which dialysis might be considered are those involving ethylene glycol, methanol, salicylates, and lithium.
Utilities of traditional and novel biomarkers in the management of acute kidney injury
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Li-Sheng Chen, Ravinder J. Singh
Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is used to be known as acute kidney failure, encompasses the multifactorial syndrome of pre-renal, renal, and post-renal conditions leading to abruptly reduced kidney function that is characterized by the retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products and the dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. AKI is a common complication of other serious injury or diseases that causes a sudden drop of kidney perfusion and thus results in significant adverse outcomes and consequent health care burden. AKI occurs in 8–16% of hospitalized patients and up to two-thirds of intensive care unit (ICU) patients; it has an estimated incidence of 6800 per million population, and exceeds that of myocardial infarction, which has a yearly incidence of 6000 per million [1–3].
Clinical and biochemical differences between hantavirus infection and leptospirosis: a retrospective analysis of a patient series in Belgium
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Emma Bakelants, Willy Peetermans, Katrien Lagrou, Wouter Meersseman
Blood results are shown in Table 2. Ten patients had normal hemoglobin, the other six patients had normochromic, normocytic anemia. A raised leukocyte count was observed in four patients. White blood cell differentiation showed a tendency to lymphocytopenia and monocytosis. Eleven patients had thrombocytopenia, four patients had normal values of platelets, one patient had thrombocytosis. C-reactive protein (CRP)-reached variable values, spreading from 12.9 mg/l to 231.8 mg/l. Median value was 67.6 mg/l. Eleven patients presented with acute kidney failure. In our center acute kidney failure is defined as a creatinine value above 1.17 mg/dl. Four patients also had hypoalbuminemia. Eight patients had elevated transaminases. Total bilirubin was elevated in two patients. Seven patients had normal liver tests. Although myalgia was a frequent complaint, creatine kinases (CK’s) were elevated once. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was elevated in 12 patients.
Incidence and outcomes of eclampsia: a single-center 30-year study
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2019
Semih Zeki Uludag, Ayse Filiz Gokmen Karasu, Mehmet Serdar Kutuk, Taha Takmaz
In 2005–2009, 13 patients (21.6%) developed HELLP syndrome. All patients recovered completely with conservative treatment. Forty-one patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for 6.2 ± 3.4 days. Six of these patients (14.63%) developed acute kidney failure and underwent dialysis. One maternal mortality occurred in the ICU due to intracranial hemorrhage. In 2010–2015, six patients developed (19.3%) HELLP syndrome and all of them recovered with conservative treatment. Twenty-nine patients were admitted to the ICU for 6.9 ± 3.7 days. Four of these patients (12.9%) developed acute kidney failure and underwent temporary dialysis. In the same time period, nine patients with complaints of headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, altered mental status, seizures, and unconsciousness were consulted with the neurology department, and they were diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.