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Data and Picture Interpretation Stations: Cases 1–45
Published in Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, ENT OSCEs, 2023
Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar
Oral candidiasis is an infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida Albicans and in the majority of cases is associated with immunosuppression. Typical causative factors include age, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and steroid usage. Users of inhaled steroids are recommended to rinse their mouth out with water after every use. Clinically, oral candidiasis typically presents with painless, white pseudomembranous plaques. Diagnosis is generally clinical but plaques can be cultured. Testing for the underlying cause, based on the history is often required. Antifungal treatment is usually effective. Nystatin oral suspension (100000 units/mL) 5 mL orally four times daily is used first line. Fluconazole and itraconazole are indicated for severe or refractory disease.
Green Nanoparticles
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Razia Z. Adam, Enas Ismail, Fanelwa Ajayi, Widadh Klein, Germana Lyimo, Ahmed A. Hussein
Denture stomatitis is the most common form of oral candidiasis. The colonization of the denture-based material and the strong adherence of Candida is an essential pathogenic factor. Although systemic antifungal agents are effective for the treatment of the acute inflammation, they cannot reach a therapeutic antifungal concentration on the inner surfaces of the denture. Clinical relapse and recurrent infection make the treatment of denture stomatitis challenging (Neppelenbroek, 2016). The management of oral candidiasis is governed by four principles: early and accurate diagnosis through a detailed medical and dental history, correction of the risk factors, maintenance of proper oral hygiene of both the oral cavity and/or oral prosthesis and the appropriate use of antifungal agents (Patil et al., 2015; Quindós et al., 2019). For mild cases of oral candidiasis, topical antifungal agents such as Gentian violet and nystatin may be used (Patil et al., 2015; Fourie et al., 2016; Millsop and Fazel, 2016; Lewis and Williams, 2017; Blignaut, 2017; Quindós et al., 2019). In immunocompromised patients and those at risk of disseminated candidiasis, systemic antifungal therapies such as fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended (Patil et al., 2015; Fourie et al., 2016; Millsop and Fazel, 2016; Lewis and Williams, 2017; Blignaut, 2017; Quindós et al., 2019).
Nails (Onychomycosis): Clinical Aspects
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
C. albicans can frequently be isolated from the subungual area of onycholytic nails as well as from the proximal nail fold in chronic paronychia. However, in both these conditions, Candida colonisation is a secondary phenomenon since topical or systemic antimycotics do not cure the nail abnormalities. Nail invasion by C. albicans usually indicates an underlying immunological defect and is most frequently seen in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; in the latter, C. albicans invasion of the nail plate is associated with an inflammatory reaction of the proximal nail fold, nail matrix, nail bed and hyponychium. The affected digits have a terminal swollen appearance, with erythema and swelling of the proximal and lateral nail folds. The nail bed is hyperkeratotic and the nail plate is thickened and highly dystrophic as a result of diffuse ‘fragmentation’. Complete disruption of the nail plate is almost always observed. Oral candidiasis is present in the majority of affected individuals.
Synbiotic Musa acuminata skin extract and Streptococcus salivarius K12 inhibit candida species biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin, Puteri Elysa Alia Mohd Badri, Ahmad Faisal Ismail, Noratikah Othman, H.M.H.N. Bandara, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
Oral diseases are caused by various factors, including poor oral hygiene, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, unbalanced diet, immunodeficiency, and microbial infection such as Candida (Khajuria and Metgud 2015; Grossmann et al. 2021). Among the important clinical manifestations of oral candidiasis are denture-associated stomatitis (Tobouti et al. 2016), rhomboid glossitis (Kaur et al. 2017), leukoplakia (Millsop and Fazel 2016), angular cheilitis (Shetti et al. 2011), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (Kopacova et al. 2005). Even though Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated yeast associated with human infections; however, non-albicans Candida spp. (NAC) such as Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata have also been reported to be associated with 35% to 65% of all systemic Candida infections (Krcmery and Barnes 2002).
Development of purified cashew gum mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing nystatin for treatment of oral candidiasis
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Ana Paula de Sá Pinto Abrahão Magalhães, Helena Keiko Toma, Flávia Almada do Carmo, Claudia Regina Elias Mansur
Oral candidiasis is one of the most recurrent fungal infections in humans and its clinical manifestation generally occurs due to low immunity, since fungi of the Candida genus are part of the normal human microbiota. Candida albicans accounts for around 80% of infections and can colonize the cavity, either alone or in combination with non-albican species, including Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis [1,2]. The typical colonization rate of Candida albicans varies with age, affecting neonates (∼45%), healthy children (∼45–65%), healthy adults (∼30–45%) and elderly, particularly those living in nursing homes (∼65–88%). Also, it is common in users of dental prostheses (∼50–65%), and in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV and/or undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia (∼90%) [1,3,4]. With the increase in immunosuppressive comorbidities, including diabetes, cancer and AIDS, an increase in the number of reported cases of opportunistic infections by oral Candida was observed [3,4]. Although not fatal for most patients, it can cause significant discomfort and, in elderly or hospitalized patients, it can result in high morbidity due to poor nutrition and also the occurrence of invasive and life-threatening systemic infection caused by Candida [3].
Mycotic infections – mucormycosis and oral candidiasis associated with Covid-19: a significant and challenging association
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Manjusha Nambiar, Sudhir Rama Varma, Mohamed Jaber, S. V. Sreelatha, Biju Thomas, Arathi S. Nair
The clinical presentation of pseudomembranous oral candidiasis is diagnostic because of the classic white appearance of the lesion [11]. Another relevant diagnostic feature of pseudomembranous candidiasis is that these white lesions can be wiped off by gentle scraping with gauze, leaving an underlying erythematous surface [12]. Other diagnostic methods include exfoliative cytology, potassium peroxide staining, imprint specimen for microbiology culture, culture analysis of oral swabs specimen, salivary assays, and oral mucosal biopsy. Periodic acid–Schiff staining is helpful to obtain definitive diagnosis [11]. In most of the reported cases of COVID-19, a thorough intra-oral examination and correlation with other underlying factors aids the clinician in arriving at the diagnosis of oral candidiasis.