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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Vulvovaginal itching and burning are the most common symptoms of Candida vulvovaginitis (reported by 60% of women with positive yeast cultures) (11) along with external dysuria and a white, curdled vaginal discharge. One-third of females with positive vaginal Candida cultures are asymptomatic, while one-fourth of women with negative cultures have symptoms (11). The symptom spectrum of vulvovaginal candidiasis goes from acute/exudative (sudden onset, heavy discharge loaded with yeast) to progressive/inflammatory (minimal discharge, few organisms, severe itching). The pruritus may be a hypersensitivity reaction and may worsen with occlusive clothing and in the premenstrual phase of the cycle (14).
Nails (Onychomycosis): Clinical Aspects
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
C. albicans can frequently be isolated from the subungual area of onycholytic nails as well as from the proximal nail fold in chronic paronychia. However, in both these conditions, Candida colonisation is a secondary phenomenon since topical or systemic antimycotics do not cure the nail abnormalities. Nail invasion by C. albicans usually indicates an underlying immunological defect and is most frequently seen in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; in the latter, C. albicans invasion of the nail plate is associated with an inflammatory reaction of the proximal nail fold, nail matrix, nail bed and hyponychium. The affected digits have a terminal swollen appearance, with erythema and swelling of the proximal and lateral nail folds. The nail bed is hyperkeratotic and the nail plate is thickened and highly dystrophic as a result of diffuse ‘fragmentation’. Complete disruption of the nail plate is almost always observed. Oral candidiasis is present in the majority of affected individuals.
Superficial mycoses in the elderly
Published in Robert A. Norman, Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
B. P. Glick, M. Zaiac, G. Rebell, N. Zaias
In general medical terms, the word candidiasis is used to denote infection caused by yeast of the genus Candida. From the point of view of the dermatologist, superficial candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes denotes specific and characteristic syndromes caused by Candida albicans, a yeast fungus often found residing as commensal flora in the intestinal tract and frequently as a pathogen in the vaginal tract or in the oral cavity of the immunocompromised host22.
Miconazole for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. In vitro, in vivo and clinical results. Review of the literature
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Pedro Antonio Regidor, Manopchai Thamkhantho, Chenchit Chayachinda, Santiago Palacios
Factors that increase the risk of candidiasis include HIV/AIDS, mononucleosis, cancer treatments, steroids, stress, use of antibiotics, diabetes and nutrient deficiency. Hormone replacement therapy and infertility treatment may also be predisposing factors (Nwokolo and Boag 2000). Treatment with antibiotics can eliminate the yeast’s natural competitors for resources in the oral, intestinal and vaginal flora, thereby promoting colonisation of Candida (Bassetti et al.2010). A weakened or undeveloped immune system or metabolic illnesses are also significant predispositions for candidiasis (Odds 1987). Almost 15% of patients with a weakened immune system develop a systemic illness caused by Candida species (Choo et al.2010). Diets which are high in carbohydrates have been found to affect the incidence of oral and vaginal candidiasis (Akpan and Morgan 2002, Rachapromma and Chayachinta 2022). External use of detergents or douches or internal disturbances (hormonal or physiological) can perturb the normal vaginal flora like Lactobacilli resulting in an overgrowth of Candida spp. (Mårdh et al.2003). Pregnancy and oral contraceptives have been reported as risk factors as well (Schiefer 1997).
In vivo antifungal activities of farnesol combined with antifungal drugs against murine oral mucosal candidiasis
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Chengxi Li, Zheng Xu, Siqi Liu, Yun Huang, Wei Duan, Xin Wei
An increase in the incidence of candidiasis is occurring in clinical practice, especially in transplantation patients, immune deficient patients, and diabetic patients. Candida albicans is a common fungus capable of initiating a variety of recurring superficial mycoses in oral and vaginal mucosae under certain conditions (Kullberg et al. 2017); it can invade deeper tissues, penetrate the blood vessel system, and cause life-threatening systemic infections (Kullberg et al. 2017). The incidence of oral candidiasis infections caused by C. albicans is higher than that caused by other microorganisms in clinics. There are several common antifungal agents effective against C. albicans infection. However, antifungal resistance occurs when C. albicans does not respond to antifungal drugs. There are three main types of antifungal drugs currently available, and some types of fungi, including C. albicans, can become resistant to all three antifungal drugs (Taff et al. 2013). Thus, antifungal resistance can severely limit the treatment options against oral candidiasis.
Mycotic infections – mucormycosis and oral candidiasis associated with Covid-19: a significant and challenging association
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Manjusha Nambiar, Sudhir Rama Varma, Mohamed Jaber, S. V. Sreelatha, Biju Thomas, Arathi S. Nair
In case of ineffective treatment, oral candidiasis may spread from the oropharynx to the oesophagus and upper gastrointestinal tract or systemically through the bloodstream. The candidemia that occurs, as a result, has been reported to have significant morbidity and a mortality rate of 71–79% [6]. A study reported from Iran in which 53 COVID-19 patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) were closely monitored showed cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as the predominant underlying conditions [7]. The most common risk factor associated was lymphopenia (71%). Out of the 65 Candida isolates causing OPC that were recovered, C. albicans (70.7%) was most common, followed by C. glabrata (10.7%), C. dubliniensis (9.2%), C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (4.6%), C. tropicalis (3%) and C. krusei (1.5%.) [7]. Patients with severe COVID-19 disease may require the support of mechanical ventilation, and a study has reported that almost 8.3% of such patients required invasive ventilation [8]. Mechanical ventilatory apparatus is associated with an increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, a type of nosocomial pneumonia. This type of pneumonia is associated with the microbiota of the oropharynx and the oral cavity and has shown to have a strong association with periodontitis [9].