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Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Other Beneficial Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Garlic cloves are stated to have hundreds of plant chemicals, including sulfur constituents, such as allicin, ajoenes, diallyl disulfide, vinyldithiins, diallyl trisulfide and others that comprised 82% of the total sulfur content of garlic (El-Saber Batiha et al., 2020). Allicin, the most organically dynamic sulfur-holding constituent of garlic, is accountable for its taste and smell (Rahman, 2007; Slusarenko et al., 2008), while alliin is the chief allicin precursor, which contains around 70% of overall thiosulfinates found in the compressed cloves (Kaye et al., 2000). One of the odorant compounds, allyl mercaptan, is accountable for garlic breath and arises from the reciprocal action of diallyl disulfide or allicin with cysteine in the existence of S-ally-mercaptocysteine (Kaye et al., 2000; Lawson & Gardner, 2005). However, allicin, PCSO (S-propyl-cysteine-sulfoxide) and MCSO (S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide) are the chief smelly constituents of freshly ground homogenates of garlic (Zeng et al., 2017) (Figure 16.2).Chemical structure of allicin.
Urologie Pain
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad, Carin V. Hopps, Allen D. Seftel
DMSO. Treatment of IC with intravesical agents has the potential benefit of rapid improvement in symptoms when compared with oral agents, as agents instilled into the bladder may locally affect the bladder mucosa directly, thereby effecting a rapid response. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a derivative of lignin, received regulatory agency approval for treatment of IC in the United States in 1978 (Abber, Lue, Luo, Juenemann, & Tanagho, 1987). DMSO has multiple pharmacological actions including antiinflammation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, collagen dissolution, and enhancement of drug penetration (Bornman, Franz, Jacobs, & Pretorius, 1986). For treatment, 50 ml of a 50% DMSO solution is instilled into the bladder through a urethral catheter and is retained in the bladder for 15 minutes after which the patient voids to empty the bladder (Parkin, Shea, & Sant, 1997). For patients with difficulty voiding, the catheter may be kept in place and clamped for 15 minutes followed by drainage of the bladder and removal of the catheter. Typically, one instillation is performed once per week for up to 8 weeks, and maintenance therapy may then be instituted once every 2 weeks. Instillation should not be performed sooner than 2 to 3 weeks following a bladder biopsy and urine culture should be proved negative prior to treatment. A review of intravesical DMSO for treatment of IC demonstrated that with this regimen, the overall response rate is 50 to 90% in patients with non-ulcerative disease and 50 to 70% in patients with ulcerated, small-capacity bladders (Parkin et al., 1997). In addition, an overall relapse rate of 35 to 40% with a 4 to 8 week course of DMSO treatment occurred, although 50 to 60% of these patients responded to additional treatment with intravesical DMSO. The most common side effects included chemical cystitis (10%), initial worsening of symptoms (10 to 15%), and transient garlic breath (20 to 40%). Belladonna and opium suppositories, oral anticholinergics, and/or analgesics may be beneficial for patients who develop cystitis following DMSO instillation.
Application of HMTL and novel IWQI models in rural groundwater quality assessment: a case study in Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Monday T. Enyigwe, Osita I. Chiaghanam, Peter D. Ameh
For hand-dug well water samples, selenium (Se) concentrations ranged from 2.45 mg/L to 2.52 mg/L, with an average of 2.48 mg/L [Table 1 (upper and lower panels)]. For borehole water samples, Se concentrations ranged from 2.45 mg/L to 2.49 mg/L, with an average of 2.47 mg/L [Table 1 (middle and lower panels)]. According to the Standard Organization of Nigeria (2015) and World Health Organization (2017) maximum permissible limits for Se, 100% of the water samples from both hand-dug wells and boreholes exceeded the permissible limit. High doses of selenium can cause severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting, nail changes, weakness, and irritability (Obasi and Akudinobi 2020). Long-term use poisoning is characterized by hair loss, white horizontal streaking on fingernails, nail irritation, fatigue, irritability, nausea, vomiting, garlic breath odor, and a metallic taste.
Correlation between Micronutrient plasma concentration and disease severity in COVID-19 patients
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2021
Abdullah Alkattan, Khaled Alabdulkareem, Amr Kamel, Heba Abdelseed, Yousef Almutairi, Eman Alsalameen
During some severe bacterial and viral infections, the serum level of zinc was increased because of oxidative stress, increased ferritin level, and cellular damage secondary to these infections, which resulted in increased zinc released from damaged cells into blood plasma [9]. The excess zinc concentration in plasma could lead to the inhibition of pyruvate kinase and mitochondrial complex I, which results in increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing the level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [10]. Excess zinc concentration’s net effects include respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal tract disorders, focal neurologic defects, copper deficiency, and impairment of lymphocytes’ functions [11].On the other hand, selenium level during bacterial and viral infection was not studied, but its deficiency or excess in blood serum could affect the patient’s health condition. Normal selenium level in blood serum results in reducing cancer risk, oxidative stress, and diabetes risk and improving immune function and male fertility [12]. Elevated selenium serum level because of increased selenium intake or increased inhalation of selenium produced by some industries could lead to selenosis; which characterized by nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, dyspnea, hypersalivation, and garlic breath odor due to the excessive formation of ROSs and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that leads to oxidative stress and cell death [13].