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Substance Abuse during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Native Americans grew and smoked tobacco in pre-Columbian times. However, tobacco native to North America is not the tobacco used today because it was too bitter to be smoked or chewed alone, and was mixed with a variety of other substances for use, including willow bark, mushrooms, and wild lettuce. The tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is widely used by smoking, chewing, or dipping, and is a hybrid of South and North American species. Tobacco smoke comprises several-hundred different chemicals, including nicotine and carbon monoxide in greatest abundance. There are several thousands of publications on the risks of tobacco use during pregnancy, including extensive reviews (Fredricsson and Gilljam, 1992; Landesman-Dwyer and Emanuel, 1979; McIntosh, 1984a, 1984b; Nash and Persaud, 1988; Rosenberg, 1987; Stillman et al., 1986; Streissguth, 1986; Surgeon General, 1979).
Drugs Affecting Autonomic Ganglia (Including the Adrenal Medulla)
Published in Kenneth J. Broadley, Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
Nicotine is a naturally occurring pyridine-pyrrolidine alkaloid obtained from the leaves of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. The natural alkaloid occurs as the base and is a colourless caustic volatile liquid (pKA = 8.5) that turns brown on exposure to air. The neutral salts, such as the sulphate, are crystalline solids. At physiological pH, it exists as the protonated nicotinium ion. The (-)-S-isomer is the natural form and is more active than the (+)-R-isomer. Protonation to form N-methylnicotine causes some loss of activity, probably because of reduced ability to penetrate membranes. Nicotine is currently of no therapeutic value but is of considerable pharmacological interest because of its presence in tobacco and its toxicity from accidental poisoning from ingestion of nicotine-containing insecticides and in children who ingest tobacco products. The actions of nicotine at autonomic ganglia have been recognized since the early demonstration by Langley & Dickinson (1889) that nicotine (1%) painted onto the superior cervical ganglion of the cat produced an initial stimulation of the postganglionic nerve. They excluded an action on the pre- or postganglionic fibres and later suggested the existence of a receptive substance for nicotine.
Saliva Drug Analysis
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Edward J. Cone, Amanda J. Jenkins
Nicotine is an alkaloid that constitutes approximately 0.5 to 8.0% by weight of the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum. The average cigarette in the U.S. contains 1.5% nicotine. Nicotine is both a transient CNS stimulant and a depressant. Initial exposure causes dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and dysphoria. Heart rate and blood pressure are increased. With repeated use, acute and chronic tolerance develops to many of the effects of nicotine.124 Nicotine is rapidly absorbed in the unionized form during smoking and oral use, and can also be absorbed through the skin. The primary metabolites of nicotine are nicotine-1′-N-oxide and cotinine. Approximately 5 to 10% of a nicotine dose is excreted unchanged in urine, with 4% excreted as nicotine-1′-N-oxide and 17% as cotinine. Nicotine and cotinine can be detected in urine by immunoassay, GC, and GC/MS. Nicotine is excreted rapidly, whereas cotinine has a longer half-life and remains detectable for several days.
Cigarette smoking and its toxicological overview on human male fertility—a prospective review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
R. Parameswari, T. B. Sridharan
Different types of cigarettes are available worldwide based on make, quality, price, location. Generally, cigarettes are made up of Nicotiana tabacum along with vaporized drugs and harmful substances. The major composition of cigarette smoke is, carbon monoxide, tar, elements including arsenic, acetone, ammonia, cyanide, dielxdrin, formaldehyde, nicotine, nitrobenzene, nitrous oxide phenols, toluene, vinyl chloride, lead battery pieces, cadmium paint particles, and many other substances (Taha et al. 2014). It releases more than 1000 toxic chemicals, among that roughly about 25 are metals, and including cadmium, lead, and arsenic, which have noticeable effects on male fertility. In addition to this, large numbers of chemical compounds in a cigarette are released during cigarette smoking by a series of manners like oxidation, decarboxylation, hydrogenation and pyrolysis (Mostafa 2010).
Evaluation of oral mechanical and gustatory sensitivities and salivary cotinine levels in adult smokers
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Mariana Belardinelli Rosa, Mariana dos Santos Fernandes, Leonardo Rigoldi Bonjardim, Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião, Leandro Augusto Calixto, Paula Midori Castelo
Nicotine is the largest constituent of tobacco of the genus Nicotiana tabacum; chemically speaking, nicotine is a tertiary amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. Only 10–20% of all inhaled nicotine is excreted unchanged and among the main nicotine biotransformation products is cotinine [3], which can be measured non-invasively in saliva for purposes of tobacco use and tobacco cessation evaluations [4,5]. There is evidence that nicotine may influence the perception of various sensory stimuli through neural mechanisms [6,7] and studies suggest that the longer the time and cigarette consumption, the worse olfactory and taste performances [8], and the effect of alteration on taste perception ability (gustation) would be related to the amount and duration of smoking, and not just after the consumption of a single cigarette [9].
Green tobacco sickness: mecamylamine, varenicline, and nicotine vaccine as clinical research tools and potential therapeutics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica are the two types of nicotine-based plant that are grown and cultivated. The relatively low nicotine yield of Nicotiana tabacum is the preferred choice among most users, thereby creating the widespread popularity of tobacco worldwide. The higher nicotine yield of Nicotiana rustica is optimal for extraction, isolation, and purification of the nicotine that is added to replacement products used for smoking cessation and liquids that are now widely used in electronic nicotine delivery systems (i.e. e-cigarettes). Because nicotine’s popularity and widespread use appears stable for many years to come, and perhaps could be growing with newer and assumed to be safer methods of self-administration, farming and production of nicotine-based plants will remain attractive, especially for poor economies existing in hot and humid climate zones. Large numbers of farm workers will inevitably come into dermal contact with the relatively high amounts of nicotine that presumably cause green tobacco sickness. The reasons for exposure will be multi-factorial: lack of knowledge regarding the risk, lack of access to personal protective equipment, and improper use of such equipment. This article is written to not only highlight and increase awareness of green tobacco sickness, but also to generate the necessary clinical studies to improve health care options to prevent and attenuate green tobacco sickness.