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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Abnormalities in Physical examination: General: scalloped tongue. Neurologic examination: Mental Status Examination: memory testing: immediate recall: four digits forwards and four digits backwards. Recent recall: two of four objects in three minutes, without improvement with reinforcement. Cranial nerve examination: Cranial nerve VIII: CALFRAST AS 35 strong, AD 10 strong. Absent Ambassador Hear Pen AU. Motor examination: Drift testing: left pronator drift: left cerebellar spooning: left abductor digiti minimi sign. Gait examination: heel walking with decreased right arm swing: Sensory examination: Rydel-Seiffer Vibratory Sense Evaluation: bilateral upper extremity: seven; right lower extremity: four, left lower extremity: one. Reflexes: absent right ankle jerk. Chemosensory testing: olfaction: Brief Smell Identification Test: 11 (normosmia). Retronasal Smell Testing: Alcohol Sniff Test: 19 (normosmia). Pocket Smell Test: two (hyposmia). Quick Smell Identification Test: two (hyposmia). Retronasal Smell Index: two (abnormal): Gustatory Testing: Propylthiouracil Disk Taste Test: nine (normogeusia). Taste Threshold: Normogeusia to sucrose, hydrochloric acid, urea, and phenylthiocarbamide. Mild hypogeusia to sodium chloride. Taste Quadrant Test: impaired posteriorly to citric acid. Whole mouth taste weakness to sodium chloride, and sucrose. Neuropsychiatric Testing: Clock Drawing Test: four (normal). Animal Fluency Test 14 (normal). Center for Neurological Studies Lability Scale Test: seven (normal).
A Brief History of Nutritional Medicine and the Emergence of Nutrition as a Medical Subspecialty
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Still, old notions die hard. Physicians accepted that other acids were inferior to citrus fruit but assumed that citric acid was the reason that fruits were superior to other treatments. It took another 100 years to dispel this myth. Lind presciently remarked that citrus fruit had a “resolving virtue” separate from its citric acid content. And this factor was later found in other fresh fruits and vegetables.
Gout
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Citric acid is used to make the urine less acidic. Less acidic urine helps the kidneys get rid of uric acid and thus helps to prevent gout and certain types of kidney stones (urate). Potassium citrate is a citric acid supplement commonly used to prevent and treat gout flare-ups by lowering blood uric acid levels. At a dose of 3 gm/day for 12 weeks, uric acid levels were significantly reduced.17
Dissolving microneedle patch-assisted transdermal delivery of methotrexate improve the therapeutic efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Weiman Zhao, Lijie Zheng, Jianhui Yang, Zihui Ma, Xinyi Tao, Qingqing Wang
PVP K90 was purchased from BASF (Germany). Methotrexate (MTX, Mw = 454.44 Da) (purity >98%) was obtained from Heowns OPDE Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). HA was purchased from Huaxi Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Jinan, China). Dextran (Dex) was provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin was purchased from the Chengdu Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd (Sichuan,China). Trypan Blue, stearic acid, and stearyl alcohol were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (China). The reagents of acetonitrile (chromatographic grade), anhydrous sodium hydrogen phosphate, liquid paraffin, Span 80, polysorbate 80, glycerinum, and sorbic acid were provided by Macklin (Shanghai, China). Citric acid was from Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China).
Nanoparticle-based chewable gels of praziquantel
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
M. Alejandra Gonzalez, M. Verónica Ramírez-Rigo, Noelia L. Gonzalez Vidal
Nomenclature, qualitative and quantitative composition of chewable gels, can be observed in Table 1. Gelatine was incorporated at two concentrations (8% and 12%), within the recommended range for this hydrocolloid, to evaluate the influence of this parameter over the texture properties of the gelled systems (Hartel et al. 2018). Water was added for the moistening of the gelatine and the progress of gelation method. Glycerine and sorbitol were added to provide a sweet taste to the formulation, and to reduce stiffness and improve the flexibility of the gel, due to their plasticizing effect (García Sanchez and Santos Buelga 2001). The incorporation of citric acid improves the taste of the final formulation and provides a lower pH, required to prevent microbial contamination. Besides, PZQ was added to the soft mixture of excipients from the following intermediate products (IP):IPa: NS containing PZQ and stabilized with PVP and P188, in a drug to stabilizers ratio of 1:1 (Gonzalez et al. 2018). The concentration of PZQ in the NS was 1% (w/v).IPb: Nanocomposite microparticles obtained by spray-drying of IPa (Gonzalez et al. 2019) and dispersed in water to obtain two final PZQ concentrations: 2% and 12% (w/v).
Development and in vivo evaluation of intranasal formulations of parathyroid hormone (1-34)
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Dan Wang, Yimeng Du, Wenpeng Zhang, Xiaolu Han, Hui Zhang, Zengming Wang, Nan Liu, Meng Li, Xiang Gao, Xiaomei Zhuang, Jing Gao, Aiping Zheng
Overall, this study aimed to develop an intranasal formulation of PTH(1-34). The research work first determined the optimal aqueous environment to be 0.008 M ABS, exhibiting preferable conformation and chemical PTH(1-34) stability. Citric acid and Kolliphor® HS·15 were investigated as permeation enhancers. Due to severe mucosal toxicity, formulations containing citric acid were excluded from promising intranasal formulations. On the other hand, Kolliphor® HS·15 exhibited good biosafety and significant permeation enhancement in in vivo studies. An intranasal formulation of PTH(1-34) with 10% Kolliphor® HS·15 produced high bioavailability (30.87%) in a preclinical animal model. In conclusion, this intranasal formulation is an attractive alternative to the injection formulation of PTH(1-34). It is worthwhile to promote future research on Kolliphor® HS·15-based intranasal PTH(1-34) formulations, including a comprehensive evaluation of the formulation, investigation of slightly higher Kolliphor® HS·15 concentrations and even advancement to early clinical trails.