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Role of Herbs in Livestock Production in India
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Krishan L. Gautam, Rohit Bishist, Bhupender Dutt, Archana Sharma
Leaves contain Ricinine, quercetin 3-O-β-rutinoside (rutin). Luoeol and 30-norupan-3B-OL-20-one in seed coats of castor beans. Castor oil contains stearic, hexadecenoic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and dihydroxystearic acids as methyl esters.
Neuroprotective Role of Quercetin in Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), a natural flavonoid, has had its various biological functions confirmed in a number of pathological conditions (Habtemariam, 2016; Pan et al., 2019). It is abundantly available in plants, fruits, and vegetables, and has no toxic effect even if consumed as a supplement along with a daily diet (Yuan et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2019). It specifically offers antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and AD (Xu et al., 2014; Yuan et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2019). Although it shows appreciable biological activity, its low aqueous solubility (0.125 g/l at room temperature) and low bioavailability significantly impede its usage (Samsonowicz et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2019). A number of strategies have been developed to overcome problems of low solubility and bioavailability in other such compounds (Mauludin et al., 2009; Sato et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2019); salt formation has been extensively used to enhance the solubility and dissolution rates of drugs (Serajuddin, 2007; Samsonowicz et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2019). In line with this, the sodium salt of rutin, NaR, showed appreciable solubility and bioavailability, and ameliorated learning and memory dysfunction in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) and 5xFAD mouse models of AD (Pan et al., 2019).
Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Narantuya Samdan, Odonchimeg Batsukh
In addition to being used as a food item, lily bulbs have many traditional medicinal uses – most commonly as an ingredient in the preparation of an expectorant and to treat asthma. It is also used as a diuretic and to reduce edema. The flowers are used for hemostasis, treating wounds, and menorrhagia (Ligaa et al., 2005; Boldsaikhan, 2004; Khurelchuluun and Batchimeg, 2007). The plant contains alkaloids (Antsupova, 1975; Antsupova, 1976); carotenoids (Partali et al., 1987); and flavonoids: rutoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (Obmann, 2010).
Cardioprotective potential of Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Vandana Panda, Nikhil Bhandare, Kinjal Mistry, Sudhamani S., Payal Dande
Rutin, also called quercetin-3-O-rutinoside is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose and is associated with a variety of biological activities. Over the years, various mechanisms have been found to be responsible for rutin’s antioxidant activities in both in vitro and in vivo models. Firstly, it was reported that its chemical structure can directly scavenge ROS (Hanasaki et al. 1994). Secondly, it increases the production of GSH and cellular oxidative Defence systems are believed to be upregulated by an increased expression of numerous antioxidant enzymes such as CAT and SOD (Kandemir et al. 2015). Thirdly, rutin inhibits xanthine oxidase which is involved in generating ROS (Kostić et al. 2015). Thus, in short, rutin stabilises the ROS by reacting with them and getting oxidised in turn to more stable less reactive radical. Presumably, the high reactivity of OH group of rutin is responsible for this free radical scavenging activity.
Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Rutin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside) is a flavonol rutinoside, and was deglycosylated and hydrogenated by human intestinal bacteria Bacillus sp. 52, Bacteroides sp. 42 and 45, and Veillonella sp. 32 owning both α-L-rhamnosidase and β-D-glucosidase, while Bacteroides sp. 22, showing no β-D-glucosidase activity, was only involved in removal of the rhamnose (Yang et al. 2012). In addition, rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin glucuronides were readily hydrolyzed to the aglycone quercetin by human colonic microflora expressing α-L-rhamnosidase, β-D-glucosidase, and β-D-glucuronidase, respectively, although the rhamnosidase activity was lower than the other two enzymes (Aura et al. 2002). Quercetin was further ring cleaved to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid followed by dehydroxylation to 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Aura et al. 2002), instead of methylation at 3-OH observed in humans after oral administration (Baba et al. 1981), indicating that human gut bacteria might be not involved in methylation of the catechol group, however, human gut bacteria indeed participated in this metabolic reaction of baicalin as mentioned above (Trinh et al. 2010). Consequently, the in vitro fermentation could not totally represent the systematical in vivo metabolism in this experiment.
A rutin nanocrystal gel as an effective dermal delivery system for enhanced anti-photoaging application
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Jing Li, Weilong Ni, Mayinuer Aisha, Juanjuan Zhang, Minjie Sun
Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is a natural polyphenol widely distributed in plants and fruits (e.g. buckwheat seeds, tangerine, and buckwheat), which is accepted by the FDA with universal utilization in cosmetics and medicine [6]. Rutin is a kind of pale-yellow needle crystal or crystalline powder, which is almost insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. According to the relevant literature, its solubility in aqueous media is about 79 µg/mL [7]. As a flavonoid compound, the phenolic hydroxyl groups rich in rutin can donate hydrogen atoms and terminate the chain reaction of free radicals, resulting in effective elimination of free radicals [8,9]. The highly antioxidant capability of rutin has made it a promising drug to reverse the oxidative damage of skin photoaging [10,11]. However, the extremely low water solubility of rutin often sharply reduces its skin permeability and subsequently leads to poor transdermal bioavailability, which has greatly restricted its clinical application. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a novel rutin dermal platform with the aim of improved solubility and skin permeability.