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Gastrointestinal Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Justine Turner, Sally Schwartz
The role of diet in the development of functional constipation has not been widely studied. In infants, use of human milk is associated with decreased risk of constipation and this diagnosis should never prompt a change to formula. Globally, constipation prevalence is highest in countries with “Western” diets. Furthermore, Western dietary patterns can be associated with higher prevalence of constipation in the first 4 years of life. Importantly, this is independent of excess energy intake, or overweight or obesity. Western diets are dominated by increased fat and simple sugars, and decreased complex starch and fiber.
Nutritional requirements
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Energy intake is from foods and drinks, and is measured in either kilojoules (kJ) or kilocalories (kcal); 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ. Energy is derived from the protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol in the foods. Differing amounts of energy are provided by each gram of these substances, as shown in the following text:
Exercise and Dietary Influences on The Regulation of Energy Balance and Implications for Body Weight Control
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Andrea M. Brennan, Robert Ross
Energy intake refers to the energy consumed through food and fluids. It includes chemical energy derived from the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol minus faecal losses (111). Substrates derived from macronutrients can be oxidized to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to drive biological processes or be stored as adipose tissue, glycogen, and skeletal muscle for later use.
Associations of low-carbohydrate with mortality in chronic kidney disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Qidong Ren, Yangzhong Zhou, Huiting Luo, Gang Chen, Yan Han, Ke Zheng, Yan Qin, Xuemei Li
The NHANES dietary intake data were collected from the 24-h dietary recall interview conducted by a qualified interviewer using the Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) at NHANES mobile examination center. The AMPM was a specially designed computer system aiming to collect dietary intake accurately and effectively. Details about how NHANES dietary data was collected for each survey cycle were well described in ‘DR1IFF Doc Files’ under ‘protocol and procedure’ section of the official website. The energy provided by each macronutrient was estimated by multiplying the weight with a converting factor (4 kcal/g for carbohydrate and protein and 9 kcal/g for fat). The total energy intake was the sum of the energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat. The percentage of energy intake from each macronutrient was calculated by dividing the absolute energy intake from each macronutrient by the total energy intake and used to account for the total energy intake bias and represent the diet structure. Participants with a lower percentage of energy from carbohydrates were considered more likely to be on a low-carbohydrate diet. The non-sugar carbohydrate intake was estimated by subtracting sugar intake from the total carbohydrate intake. From here and after, ‘sugar’ means ‘sugar carbohydrate’, ‘carbohydrate’ means ‘the total carbohydrate’. The animal or plant source and amount of protein and fat were determined and calculated using the corresponding version of Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) and National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference from the U.S Department of Agriculture.
Obesity induces extracellular vesicle release from the endothelium as a contributor to brain damage after cerebral ischemia in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
P. A. Perez-Corredor, P. Oluwatomilayo-Ojo, J. A. Gutierrez-Vargas, G. P. Cardona-Gómez
We divided the Wistar rats into two groups: control and high fructose diet (HFD) (n = 12). Both groups were fed standard food (Laboratory Autoclavable Rodent Diet 5010, LabDiet, St Louis, MO) and provided water ‘ad libitum’ for 11 weeks. The control group was fed pure water. Instead, the HFD group was fed with water ‘ad libitum’ containing a solution of 20% fructose (D-fructose pure, pharma grade, PanReac AppliChem, 142728) dissolved. We prepared and changed the fructose every 48 h as maximum, or before if needed. At the same time, we measured the water and food intake per cage, which was divided by the number of animals to estimate the consumption per animal. Food intake was used to estimate the daily energy intake (Kcal/day) using the following formula: energy intake from food (Kcal/day)= food consumption (g) × 3.17 KCal/g. In the same way, we estimated the energy intake from water as water consumption (ml) × 0.8 Kcal/ml. The increment of Kcal/day of HFD compare to control group was calculated subtracting the total calories of the normal diet to the total calories of the HFD diet.
Effects of dietary restriction on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Wenqi Lü, Tingting Yu, Weihong Kuang
From an evolutionary point of view, the survival and reproductive success of all organisms depend upon their ability to obtain food. The advanced cognitive capabilities of the human brain originally evolved as adaptations that enabled successful food acquisition [1]. In other words, passive food deprivation created by harsh reality greatly promoted the cognitive function of human ancestors. In modern society, our eating pattern has shifted to consuming three meals a day plus snacks. High-calorie foods are even popular. This is unusual when viewed in the light of evolution. Some epidemiological data showed that excessive energy intake will increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease, which directly or indirectly affect cognitive function [2,3].