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Bioactive Constituents in Indian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Recognized for Brain Health Benefits
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Deepak Mundkinajeddu, Amit Agarwal, Gururaja Giligar Manjunatha, Vineet Kumar Singh
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a perennial herb that belongs to Zingiberaceae family. It is commonly called as “haldi”, a word derived from the Sanskrit word “haridra”. Turmeric is also called as “golden spice” or “spice of life” with 133 different species available worldwide (Shrishail et al., 2013). The plant has been reported to be used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine from Vedic times. The use of turmeric dates back nearly 4,000 years to the Vedic culture in India, which amalgamates the medicinal goods of herbs with food. In Ayurveda, Curcuma is claimed to have therapeutic uses such as Visavikara (disorders due to toxins), Kustha (skin disorders), Vrana (ulcer/wound), Tvagroga (diseases of skin), Prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine), Pandu (anemia), Sitapitta (urticaria), and Pinasa (chronic rhinitis/sinusitis), and an important formulation is Haridra Khanda (API, 2011). The pharmacological activity of turmeric such as antioxidant (Kalpravidh et al., 2010), antiprotozoal (Changtam et al., 2010), antivenom activities (Lim et al., 2011), antimicrobial (Péret-Almeida et al., 2005), antimalarial (Aditya et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory (Khan et al., 2012), antiproliferative (Yue et al., 2010), antiangiogenic (Tapal and Tiku, 2012), antitumor (Panahi et al., 2014), neuroprotective (Dohare et al., 2008), and antiaging (Zhan et al., 2011) properties has been mainly attributed to curcuminoids, which consist of curcumin (diphenylheptanoids) and two related compounds (demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin) (Tables 18.10 and 18.11).
Nonessential Dietary Components: Bioflavonoids and Curcumin
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Turmeric has had a long history of use as a household remedy for topical treatment of sprains and painful inflammatory conditions in Ayurvedic (Indian herbal) medicine.1342,1343 In addition, turmeric was ingested as a stimulant or carminative, for treating dyspepsia, flatulence, or afflictions of the skin. Indonesian herbal medicines almost always include Curcuma species as a component, especially for liver and digestive difficulties. European work on therapeutic use of Curcuma species centered around choleretic and liver stimulatory abilities; however, these attributes were later shown to be due to artifactual addition of p-dimethyl benzyl alcohol.1342 Ayurvedic uses led to exploration of turmeric by Indian scientists using Western medical and scientific approaches to find if it possessed active components of any potential commercial value. Thus, attention was focused on antiinflammatory properties of turmeric and its extracts. The major component of turmeric, curcumin, was quickly singled out as the major active ingredient.
Nutraceutical Herbs and Insulin Resistance
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli
Some previous studies37–39 revealed that curcumin could decrease insulin resistance by increasing the oxidation of fatty acids. Curcuma improved insulin resistance in skeletal muscles through the activation of MAP-kinase and the oxidation of fatty acids. Moreover, Curcuma has a hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effect: It is able to reduce plasma glucose and to reduce the production of hepatic glucose and inflammation-induced hyperglycemia; it stimulates glucose entry into cells with the over-expression of GLUT4, GLUT2, and GLUT3 and the activation of MAP-kinase. Furthermore, curcumin promotes the activity of PPAR ligand, stimulating the secretion of insulin by pancreatic tissue, improving the functionality of pancreatic cells and reducing insulin resistance.
Effect of Curcumin on Serum Urate in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Pannipa Bupparenoo, Rattapol Pakchotanon, Pongthorn Narongroeknawin, Paijit Asavatanabodee, Sumapa Chaiamnuay
Curcumin presents in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), which is used as a dietary spice and a drug that can relieve gastrointestinal discomfort (Ammon and Wahl 1991). Phytosomal curcumin has been shown to improved glycemic factors, hepatic function, and serum cortisol levels in subjects with overweight and impaired fasting glucose (Cicero et al. 2020). Furthermore, other effects of curcumin (such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, lipid-modifying, and anti-depressant effects) have been reported in many studies (Aggarwal and Harikumar 2009; Gupta et al. 2013). Curcumin is safe, with dosage as high as 12 g/day. The most common adverse effect is mild gastrointestinal symptoms (Lao et al. 2006; Vadhan-Raj et al. 2007). Previous studies showed that curcumin and its degradation products had a xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect (Lin and Shih 1994; Pauff and Hille 2009; Shen and Ji 2009) and uricosuric effect by inhibiting URAT1 (Ao et al. 2017). Therefore, this drug may be effective in lowering SU. There were two studies that reported its effect in lowering SU in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes mellitus (DM; Chuengsamarn et al. 2014; Panahi et al. 2016). However, the effect of curcumin focusing on hyperuricemic subjects was not examined. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of curcumin on SU and urine uric acid (UUA) clearance in subjects with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
The renoprotective effect of curcumin against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice: involvement of miR-181a/PTEN axis
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Si-Jia Huang, Jing Huang, Yun-Bo Yan, Jiao Qiu, Rui-Qiao Tan, Yu Liu, Qing Tian, Li Guan, Shuai-Shuai Niu, Yanxiang Zhang, Zhijiang Xi, Ying Xiang, Quan Gong
Curcumin is the most important pharmacologically active component extracted from Curcuma. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, oxygen-free radical scavenging, anti-fibrotic, and anti-cancer activities [5]. Recent studies reported that curcumin could prevent cisplatin-induced AKI effectively [6]. Ortega-Dominguez et al. showed that curcumin could protect cisplatin-induced AKI by preventing changes in mitochondrial bioenergy, ultrastructure, redox balance dynamics, and sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) expression levels [7]. Another study showed that curcumin reduced cisplatin-induced renal toxicity by suppressing renal tubular cell apoptosis [8]. In addition, a recent study showed that curcumin reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 [9]. However, curcumin exerts a complex pharmacological effect, and its underlying renoprotective mechanism needs further investigation.
Effect of Curcumin on Anthropometric Measures: A Systematic Review on Randomized Clinical Trials
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Mitra Hariri, Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
In total, three studies (two parallel [10, 27] and one crossover [17]) assessed the effects of curcumin on WC. Overall, 287 participants (range = 30–213) older than 18 years were enrolled in these studies. All three studies were conducted among both men and women. Two studies were conducted among overweight participants [10, 27] and one was conducted among obese participants [17]. Curcumin dosage ranged from 1 g/d to 1.6 g/d. The durations were one month in Di Pierro et al.'s and Mohammadi et al.'s studies [10, 17]. But the study by Chuengsamarn et al. lasted six months [27]. In Mohammadi et al.'s study, the prescribed capsules contained 500 mg curcuminoids plus 5 mg bioperine, and participants consumed a capsule twice a day (total of two capsules in a day) [17]. Chuengsamarn et al. instructed participants to consume three capsules twice a day (in total six capsules in a day) which contained 250 mg curcuminoids [27], and in Di Pierro et al.'s study, participants were asked to take a capsule containing 800 mg curcuma twice a day (in total two capsules in a day) [10]. The results of Mohammadi et al.'s and Chuengsamarn et al.'s studies revealed no significant reduction in WC at the end of the study [17, 27], whereas Di Pierro et al.'s study suggested that curcumin supplementation in combination with lifestyle intervention can effectively decrease WC more than lifestyle intervention alone (−4.14% vs −2.36%) [10].