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Laboratory Procedures and Management
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
The early attempts at tissue staining were achieved by trial and error using natural dyes that had been available and in use for centuries, if not millennia, for dying fabrics. Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) applied saffron solution to preparations of muscle fibres. By the end of the nineteenth century, the most popular stain for tissue sections was carmine derived from cochineal (Mayer, 1892). Cochineal is a red dye prepared from the dried female bodies of a scale insect, Dactylopius coccus. It was known to the Aztecs, the ancient Romans and apparently in biblical times since the Divinity exhorted Moses to prepare offerings of rams’ skins dyed red (Exodus 25:5). Orcein, known originally as French purple, dates from the 1300s (AD) when it was prepared from an extract of lichen (a primitive plant that is part fungus and part alga) that was exposed to air in the presence of ammonia formed in fermented urine (Conn, 1948). Orcein is still used for staining various tissue components, but thankfully is now prepared differently. Haematoxylin is derived from the wood of a tree called Haematoxylon campechianum, so named because it originated in the Mexican State of Campeche. Synthetic dyes, for example alcian blue developed by ICI, have also been used to stain cell products.
Some other groups and circumstances
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
A strict vegetarian or vegan avoids consuming any animal products i.e. meat, fish, eggs, dairy produce, products derived from animal sources like gelatine, isinglass, cochineal and perhaps even honey. Others are less strict in their avoidance and although they do not eat meat, they may eat dairy produce, eggs or fish or any combination of these. The prefixes lacto, ovo or pesco are used alone or in combination to describe these degrees of vegetarianism e.g. one who avoids meat and fish but eats eggs and dairy produce is an ovolactovegetarian. People who consume little meat and poultry but are not strictly vegetarian are sometimes referred to as semi-/demi-vegetarians or more recently flexitarians.
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Use of animal-based colourants is limited due to expensive extraction and colour variations. Insects provide another source for cosmetic pigments. Cochineal, a red dye, is from the dried, pulverized bodies of cochineal beetle (Coccus cacti) native to Mexico and Central America. This dye was once used by the Aztecs as body paint, as a fabric dye and as medicine. It takes about 150,000 beetles to create one kilogram of dye. Thus, the pigment is relatively expensive. Carminic acid is a purified version of cochineal that can be used to create various shades of red, orange and yellow depending on pH and the addition of salts to make carmine dye. For example, the aluminium lake version is blue-red and has a decrease in bluish tint with a corresponding decrease in pH (Dweck, 2002).
Pathomechanism of ‘skin-originated’ allergic diseases
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2018
Cochineal is a scale insect and its extract is used as a dye [21]. Cochineal dye is generally used for coloring fabrics, cosmetics and food coloring. Importantly, allergy for cochineal dye has reported only in woman, suggesting that antigen in cosmetics, probably cochineal dye in lipsticks, may the cause the sensitization. The lip often have some small traumas and inflammations, thus, may competent to large molecular antigens. Together with latex-fruits syndrome, this disease is a representative allergy model that caused by small traumas and local inflammations.
Migraine: Between headache, pomegranate, seed of cochineal, and unidentified fish
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2019
The link between scarlet and migraine can be found in an hemiptera insect named cochineal of nopal, a Mexican cactus (Diguet, 1909). A scarlet dye can be extracted from this insect: “graine de cochenille” [seed of cochineal]. When a dyer used only half a dose of the grain, it was logically called “mi-graine” (half-seed). And over time, the hyphen disappeared.