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The Nerve Cell Laid Bare
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, A History of the Brain, 2014
Kölliker had provided the first realistic illustrations of nerve cells in 1853. However, these were significantly improved upon during the 1860s, mainly as a result of an accidental discovery made by a German professor at the University of Erlangen called Joseph von Gerlach. A leading anatomist of his time, Gerlach sought new ways of staining tissue so its fine structure could be better visualised. In 1854, Gerlach began to use a dye called carmine, a pigment obtained from certain insects including cochineal, which stained various tissues red. At first, Gerlach was unable to get satisfactory results with nervous material, but in 1858 he happened to pour a solution of carmine over a section of the cerebellum previously treated with an application of ammonium carminate. Leaving the preparation overnight in his laboratory, Gerlach returned the next day to find the stain had produced a clear differentiation of nerve fibres and cells. Although Gerlach was not the first to utilise stains to examine nervous tissue, or even the first to use carmine, his discovery is generally recognised as representing the modern founding of neurological staining. Gerlach also disseminated his stains and methods to other investigators.
Contact Urticaria Syndrome from Foods and Food Derivatives
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Angèle Soria, Pascale Mathelier-Fusade
Carmine is a common red food coloring obtained from the bodies of cochineal insects; it is used in juices, ice cream, yogurt, and candy. Some cases of adverse reactions to carmine following ingestion have been reported, suggesting an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. In almost all of the reported cases, the sensitization to carmine was topical exposure (cosmetics or occupational exposure). It is not known whether all individuals with carmine sensitivity induced through topical use are sensitive to the ingestion of carmine in foods, but reactions to carmine ingestion are rare probably from the low use levels of carmine in foods and beverages.[84–87]
Amniocentesis
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Aris Antsaklis, Marianna Theodora
Three methods of tapping multiple sacs have been described so far. The first and most common one, initially described by Elias et al. in 1980, involves two or more needle insertions, one for each sac, also called the technique of double amniocentesis (61–63) (Fig. 2). In a twin or higher order multiple pregnancy, two or more 22-gauge 3.5-inch spinal needles are separately and sequentially inserted transabdominally under ultrasound visualization into each sac and about 20 mL of amniotic fluid is readily aspirated and sent for cytogenetic evaluation or fetal karyotyping. A problem not infrequently faced with this technique is erroneously sampling the same amniotic sac twice. In order to eliminate this possibility, the sampled sac is marked with a blue dye ensuring that the sac is tapped only once. For this purpose, indigo carmine has been successfully used without any adverse effects (64), though a mild vasoconstrictive effect following intravenous injection has been described. However, the instillation of a foreign substance into the amniotic cavity is of concern. A technical disadvantage with the instillation of indigo carmine is that the dye tends to concentrate at the bottom of the sac taking some time before the stained fluid surrounds the fetus. Methylene blue used as a marker dye in the past has been linked to certain toxic manifestations such as fetal hemolysis, fetal small bowel atresias, and fetal death (65–70). Nevertheless, the high-resolution ultrasound equipment currently available, in expert hands, may ensure accurate sampling from each sac (71,72), reserving the installation of dye for cases of amniotic volume discordance where detection of the septum is uncertain or high-order pregnancies where documentation and “labeling” of sacs turn out insecure (73).
Performance of chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Nhu Thi Hanh Vu, Duc Trong Quach, Ngoc Le Bich Dang, Quang Dinh Le, Doan Thi Nha Nguyen, Huy Minh Le, Nhan Quang Le, Toru Hiyama
The first group is the group of patients undergoing WLE alone. In the second group, WLE was first performed and later changed to NBI mode combined with chromoendoscopy. Indigo carmine dye was used for staining. All patients in both groups were obtained three mapping biopsies along the small curvature according to the updated Sydney Protocol: one from the antrum 2–3 cm proximally to the pylorus, one from the incisura angularis, and one from the lesser curvature about 4 cm proximally to the incisura angularis. In the group of patients examined with chromoendoscopy and NBI, the intended locations for mapping biopsies were marked using still endoscopic images after WLE examination. And mapping biopsies were only performed after the examination with chromoendoscopy and NBI to avoid poor observation of endoscopic lesions due to possible bleeding from the prior biopsy sites. If local lesions suspected of GIM and/or dysplasia which located outside of mapping biopsy location was detected during chromoendoscopy combined with NBI, further targeted biopsy would be taken. The time duration used for endoscopic evaluation of gastric mucosa with WLE was set at five minutes for all patients in both groups. An additional 5-min examination time was set for chromoendoscopy combined with NBI. The examination time did not include biopsy and dye spraying time. The detailed steps of patient recruitment and endoscopic examination are presented in Figure 1.
Accelerated shelf life modeling of appearance change in drug products using ASAPprime ®
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Kristina Flavier, James McLellan, Teslin Botoy, Kenneth C. Waterman
Indigo carmine is a pH-sensitive dye with known incompatibilities with oxidizing and reducing agents (Sheskey et al. 2017). For this study, example tablets were formulated with indigo carmine and lactose to cause reduction of the dye and fading of the tablet color from blue to white (Kuramoto et al. 1958). There exist extensive reports in the literature (Vemuri 1985; Shephard et al. 1999; Hiatt et al. 2010, 2011; Jutkus et al. 2015) documenting the color change of L-ascorbic acid in solution, powder, and tablet forms at high temperature and humidity. The primary mechanism of degradation involves the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid, resulting in a color change from white to yellow or brown. For this study, L-ascorbic acid stability was evaluated in powder form below the deliquescence point. As such, critical relative humidity (CRH) measurements were conducted on L-ascorbic acid to determine the deliquescence point over the temperature range used in the study and ensure that targeted stress conditions remained below the CRH at each temperature.
Predicting and managing complications following colonoscopy: risk factors and management of advanced interventional endoscopy with a focus on colorectal ESD
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Hiroyuki Takamaru, Rina Goto, Masayoshi Yamada, Taku Sakamoto, Takahisa Matsuda, Yutaka Saito
Making a good cushion in the submucosal layer is one of the most important processes of successful EMR. Injecting solution under the muscular layer may sometimes cause a miserable result. If the submucosal injection was made too deep or under the muscle layer, injection solution pushes up the muscle layer and snare easily touch the muscle and cause perforation. On the other hand, when the amount of the injected solution is too small, the same result may occur. When the patient complains of abdominal pain or discomfort, there is a possibility that the muscle layer is hooked into the snare, thus re-snare should be tried. We have to choose carefully the kinds of injection solution. Generally speaking, saline was used with or without indigo carmine dye. Vasoconstriction agents such as epinephrine are sometimes mixed in saline. Sclerosing agent polidocanol was reported to achieve effective EMR for colorectal lesions more than 20 mm with less frequent perforation and delayed bleeding [42].