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Detection of Fungal Metabolites
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Polyols are polyhydric alcohols derived from sugars and are present in almost all living organisms (4). Pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi produce acyclic polyols including D-mannitol, D-arabinitol, erythritol, and glycerol in culture. The relative abundance of each polyol depends on the fungal genus and growth conditions. For example, D-arabinitol is the predominant polyol produced by Candida albicans (5) and large amounts of D-mannitol are produced by Cryptococcus neoformans (6,7) and Aspergillus spp. (4,8). C. albicans is a net producer of D-arabinitol during the logarithmic phase of growth, with most being released into the medium, whereas synthesis and secretion of D-mannitol by C. neoformans is maximal in the stationary phase. In Aspergillus spp. most of the D-mannitol produced remains cell-associated. The serum and urine of human subjects also contains low concentrations of polyols that are produced by metabolism of endogenous or dietary substrates or ingested in food. L-arabinitol is the most abundant, followed by erythritol, D-mannitol, and threitol (9). Serum levels of the polyols arabinitol, mannitol, sorbitol, myoinositol, and anhydroglu-citol vary significantly between healthy individuals and the variation is greatest for mannitol. Polyol levels are also influenced by diet, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, meningitis, sepsis, and cerebral atrophy (9,10). The L-enantiomer of arabinitol is the form produced by mammalian cells, whereas fungi produce the D-enantiomer; thus, quantitation of D-arabinitol will identify arabinitol of fungal origin (4,5,11).
Plasma metabolomic patterns in patients with exhaustion disorder
Published in Stress, 2019
Jenny Hadrévi, Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir, Per-Anders Jansson, Jan W Eriksson, Anna Sjörs
Several metabolites connected to the carbohydrate metabolism, that is, gluconic acid, scyllo-inositol, arabitol, 1,5-anhydro-d-glycitol, xylitol and ribitol, were more abundant in the healthy individuals in the fasting condition. This is in accordance with the known reduction in fasting glucose shown in this specific patient group (Sjors et al., 2013), indicating an overall reduction of systemically abundant carbohydrates. A lower catabolism of glucose would also explain the lower abundance of gluconic acid (or gluconate) seen across both conditions. However, in the non-fasting condition, scyllo-inositol, arabitol, xylitol, and ribitol, were instead more abundant in the ED patients.
Mass Spectrometry-based Biomarkers for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Mirella J.J. Haartmans, Kaj S. Emanuel, Gabrielle J.M. Tuijthof, Ron M. A. Heeren, Pieter J. Emans, Berta Cillero-Pastor
Interestingly, arachidonic acid, ethanolamine and malate were decreased in the OA group when compared to non-OA patients [37,42], but increased in the late OA group when compared to early OA [43]. In addition, Kim et al. found differences in metabolites between patients with OA KL grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 specifically [43]. Levels of sugar (alcohols) such as arabitol, galactose, glucose, mannose and tagatose were increased in KL grade 1 compared to other stages. Urate, β-alanine, pyruvate, and terephthalate levels were increased in KL grade 2 patients and fatty acids, proline, phenylalanine, squalene, and trehalose-6-phosphate were increased in KL grade 3 and 4 [43].