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What's Causing My Gut Symptoms?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
The final unintended consequence of the war on germs is that we may well be killing off the very bacteria that we need to thrive. This is the most challenging part for most Westerners to accept, but we actually live symbiotically with trillions of bacteria in our own bodies. In fact, our bodies are composed of about ten foreign microorganisms for every one human cell, and the vast majority of them live in the gut. Collectively known as “gut flora,” these microorganisms play a vital role in helping us digest our food, keeping pathogenic bacteria in check, educating the immune system, and reducing inflammation. Keeping these friendly bacterial populations healthy and in the right balance turns out to be crucial for overall and digestive health. Scientists have raised mice from birth in completely sterile environments. Their guts are pristine – no bacteria at all. And the mice are a mess. They’re puny, weak, and can’t digest food properly at all. At least some cases of IBS may be the result of dramatic imbalances in the ecosystem of the gut flora, also known as dysbiosis. This helps explain why some people go on to develop post-infectious IBS, especially if they’ve been treated with vigorous regimens of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Neurodevelopmental Considerations in the Patient With Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Panagiotis Kratimenos, Frances J. Northington
Studies using immunologically and genetically manipulated mice (germ-free and specific pathogen—free) provided initial evidence to support that three organ systems comprise the platform of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the intestine: the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems (69, 71, 75–78). Subsequent studies in humans verified the concept of the brain–gut microbiome connection (79–82). Alterations of the gut flora create an imbalance in the milieu of neurotransmitters and active metabolites as well as alterations in brain plasticity (83). The diseased bowel initiates a local inflammatory reaction resulting in the production of endogenous mediators, including cytokines, which bind to their receptors and induce (proinflammatory) or attenuate (antiinflammatory) the inflammatory cellular response (59, 84–86). Significant differences exist in the consistency and diversity between the intestinal microbiome of neonates born prematurely compared to term-born infants (15, 87).
Infections
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Suppression of normal gut flora causes gastrointestinal upset and diarrhoea and leads to overgrowth by resistant bacteria, (e.g Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi, e.g Candida. Brown staining of teeth occurs in the fetus and in children, and thus these drugs should be avoided in pregnancy and in children under 8 years of age.
Sinisan ameliorates colonic injury induced by water immersion restraint stress by enhancing intestinal barrier function and the gut microbiota structure
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xiaoying Xu, Huimei Hu, Haizhou Zeng, Boyi Li, Qiuxiong Yin, Yupeng Jiang, Linquan Zang, Changlin Zhao, Guoqiang Qian
The gut microbiome is a vital component of the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA), which can be affected by stress (Bear et al. 2021). SP and VIP are the excitatory and inhibitory neuropeptides of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with IBD have lower VIP and higher SP levels in their colonic mucosa (Patel et al. 2020). Gut bacteria live in symbiosis with intestinal cells. Intestinal symbionts support intestinal barrier function, medication metabolism, food metabolism, and avoidance of harmful microbial invasion (Jandhyala et al. 2015). Imbalances between intestinal commensal and pathogenic floras can lead to dysregulation of the gut flora (Nishida et al. 2018). Psychological stress aggravates inflammation by changing intestinal permeability to allow harmful bacterial products to pass through intestinal epithelium (Hills et al. 2019).
Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xiao Liang, Nini Dai, Kangliang Sheng, Hengqian Lu, Jingmin Wang, Liping Chen, Yongzhong Wang
Diseases are strongly correlated with biological imbalances involving intestinal microbiota. Diagnosing the existence and development of diseases by detecting changes in gut flora is a crucial area of clinical research. Current studies surrounding biomarkers are dominated by detection of changes in microbiota and metabolites in fecal samples; however, in fecal samples, in addition to live bacteria, a significant number of dead bacteria are also present. The possible reasons for bacterial death are numerous and may involve drug-induced inactivation or prolonged exposure of bacteria to air during sampling. The existence of these partially-inactivated bacteria will undoubtedly interfere with the search for disease-related biomarkers, making it difficult to translate research findings into clinical settings.
Safety review of current systemic treatments for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Antibiotic prescribing in CRS raises a number of other concerns. Repeated course of antibiotics increases bacterial resistance, and this has led to concerns that the use of long-term macrolides in CRS may promote significant antimicrobial resistance. A systematic review reported that prescriptions of antibiotics in primary care for respiratory or urinary tract infections resulted in resistance that may persist for up to 12 months [93]. Another study in the UK found that 88% of consultations for rhinosinusitis resulted in the prescription of antibiotics despite experts deeming only 11% were appropriate [94]. A number of studies have evaluated measures that could combat inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in CRS, including better training, peer comparison, and accountable justification [95–97]. Even with appropriate use, antibiotics are a major cause of adverse drug reactions with one study reporting 19% of drug-related adverse events presenting to accident and emergency were due to antibiotics [98]. The use of oral antibiotics can also disrupt the natural gut flora and has the potential to lead to Clostridium difficile colitis. The impact of repeated courses of antibiotics on the sinus microbiome is still largely unknown. Given that there is little evidence for the use of antibiotics in nasal polyposis outside of acute infective exacerbations, unnecessary antibiotic prescribing should be avoided.