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Introduction to Cells, DNA, and Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Our focus will be on eukaryotes, which are cells (including our cells) containing a nucleus and other organelles. However, viruses can also infect prokaryotes. The most well-known prokaryotes are bacteria. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (Alberts et al. 2019). There are two prokaryotic kingdoms: Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea includes microorganisms (or microscopic organisms) that can live in extreme environments on the planet. Eubacteria includes microorganisms also known as bacteria and cyanobacteria (Minkoff and Baker 2004d).
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Taxons within the Bacteria include: green bacteria, flavobacteria, spirochetes, purple bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, deinococci, and thermotagales. Archaea taxons include: extreme halophiles, methanogens, and extreme thermophiles.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Another proposed mechanism for the effect of FODMAPs has to do with bacterial fermentation and SIBO (Sachdeva et al., 2011). The theory goes that these poorly absorbed carbohydrates are excellent sources of food for an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine. These bacteria and sometimes archaea (single-celled nonbacterial organisms) ferment the carbohydrates and release different gases such as hydrogen and methane (recent evidence points to hydrogen sulfide, as well) (Banik et al. 2016). The gases released can cause the symptoms of bloating and also lead to cramping, pain, and changes in the motility of the small intestine.
Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Wenkang Gao, Yixin Zhu, Jin Ye, Huikuan Chu
Archaea were originally discovered and isolated from ecosystems with extreme conditions, including environments with high temperature, strong acid or base, and high ion concentration. However, with the continuous advancing of detection techniques, archaea had also been found in some mild environments such as the ocean ecosystems.145–149 Archaea are similar to bacteria in terms of shape, size, and genetic information expression including DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein synthesis. Beside these similarities, there are also some obvious differences between archaea and bacteria. For instance, the archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans,150 and their cell membranes are composed of L-glycerol-ether/isoprenoid lipids, which are more stable and rigid than bacterial.151 Moreover, due to its special metabolic patterns, archaea can use sunlight, inorganic or organic substances as energy sources.152
CRISPR/Cas: from adaptive immune system in prokaryotes to therapeutic weapon against immune-related diseases
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
Juan Esteban Garcia-Robledo, María Claudia Barrera, Gabriel J. Tobón
The biosphere as it exists today is the result of interactions among chemical elements, environmental conditions, and the evolution of various life forms over the past several billion years [1, 2]. The earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago [3], and since its creation has undergone marked changes in geology and atmospheric composition [4], most importantly the rise of atmospheric oxygen, known as “The Great Oxidation Event” (GOE) [5] concomitant with the appearance of the first photosynthetic organisms, the oceanic cyanobacteria, about 2.3 billion years ago [6]. Eukaryotic organisms emerged later, about 1.7–2.7 billion years ago, according to paleontological records [7, 8]. The most widely accepted hypothesis on the evolutionary progression from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes posits that GOE exerted positive evolutionary pressure on archaea due to the development of potentially damaging reactive oxygen species, driving the selection of species capable of conserving the integrity of their metabolic pathways and genetic information via the development of membrane-bound intracellular compartments such as the cell nucleus [9].
Profiling the microbial contamination in aviation fuel from an airport
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Dong Hu, Wenfang Lin, Jie Zeng, Peng Wu, Menglu Zhang, Lizheng Guo, Chengsong Ye, Kun Wan, Xin Yu
Ascomycota and Euryarchaeota were the dominant fungal and archaeal phyla, respectively. The most prominent fungal contaminants in these selected fuel samples was Amorphotheca, and members of the genus Alternaria were also confirmed to be an active fungal contaminant (Darby et al. 2001). Surprisingly, archaea, which were neglected in previous studies (Hill T 2003; Rauch et al. 2006), were detected with a relatively high abundance (9%) in this study (Figure 2(A)). It has been shown that Methanosaeta species (Figure 2(C)), belonging to Euryarchaeota, can accept electrons directly from metallic coupons for the production of methane (Rotaru et al. 2014), indicating that Methanosaeta may play a role in MIC. In addition, sequences related to archaea have been found in petroleum reservoirs (Li et al. 2017), oil wells (Duncan et al. 2009), diesel storage tanks (de Azambuja et al. 2017), and automotive fuel tanks (Williamson 2007).