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Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
P. ovata is a good source of natural polysaccharides. These polysaccharides in recent times have been used for drug delivery, removal of flocculants, etc. (Gonçalves and Romano, 2016). The polysaccharide consists of 65% D-xylose, 20% L-arabinose, 6% Rhamnose, and 9% D-galacturonic acid (Figure 13.3). P. ovata husk also includes 0.94% of protein, 4.07% of ash, and 6.83% of moisture. Carbohydrates constitute the largest part (84.98%) in the seed husk. Xylose (503.1 µg/g) and arabinose (203.2 µg/g) were the most abundant (Tewari et al., 2014; Franco et al., 2020). The soluble (arabinoxylan) and insoluble (cellulose, lignin) polysaccharides are present in the seed husk. The arabinoxylan and water-soluble hemicelluloses constitute around 60% of the husk. Arabinoxylan is a hemicellulose that has xylose and arabinose linked together. Arabinoxylan is known to have antioxidant activity and other health benefits. Both insoluble and soluble fibers help in restoration of gastrointestinal functions and reduction in risk of disorders such as constipation and hemorrhoids (Khan et al., 2021). Due to high fiber content, P. ovata degrades slowly causing formation of butyrate and acetate. The butyric acid is known to have antineoplastic activity against colorectal cancer. Thus, the polysaccharides also show anticancer activity (Tewari et al., 2014; Tlili et al., 2019; Franco et al., 2020).
Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
This agent is approved in the UK for the treatment (by mouth) of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and in combination therapy for advanced breast cancer after failure of first-line chemotherapy (not including anthracyclines). It is also combined with cytosine arabinoside as a first-line treatment for acute myeloid leukemia.
Fetal and neonatal medicine
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
The type II virus accounts for about 75% of herpes simplex infections which are acquired during delivery (following rupture of membranes). Diagnosis in the mother is difficult and may not be obvious. Intravenous cytosine arabinoside has not been shown to be effective, though treatment with acyclovir is more encouraging. Jaundice is an early and prominent symptom.
Inhibitors of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase as potential antimicrobials or antidiabetics – synthesis and properties
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Joanna Stefaniak, Michał G. Nowak, Marek Wojciechowski, Sławomir Milewski, Andrzej S. Skwarecki
Le Camus and co-workers found arabinose-5-phosphate oxime 43 (APO) to be a potent inhibitor of GlcN-6-P synthase65. The authors obtained the aforementioned compound by converting the commercially available arabinose-5-phosphate to its oxime with hydroxylamine (Scheme 10A). Due to the low hydrolytic stability of phosphate moiety in 43, the authors decided to obtain its homolog 44. This compound was obtained using d-arabinose-derived aldehyde 45, which was converted into vinylphosphonate 46 using the Horner-Emmons reaction. A Series of selective deprotection reactions, followed by a reaction with hydroxylamine, led to the final formation of oxime 44 (Scheme 10B). Both compounds, 43 and 44, can be considered as structural analogues of open ring fructosamine-6-P, formed at the ISOM active site from Fru-6-P after its amination with glutamine-derived ammonia. The enzyme inhibitory potential of 43 was quite high (Ki = 14.3 µM), while that of 44 was much lower (Ki = 0.36 mM)65.
Spectroscopic observations of β-eudesmol binding to human cytochrome P450 isoforms 3A4 and 1A2, but not to isoforms 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Dawid Krenc, Kesara Na-Bangchang
A single transformant E. coli colony was grown overnight in 2.0 mL LB medium containing 10 mM glucose, 0.1 mg/mL ampicillin sodium, and 20 μg/mL chloramphenicol. The culture was split into three aliquots of 0.55 mL and each was added to 60 mL growth medium in a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. The medium consisted of Terrific Broth (12.0 g/L tryptone, 1.0 g/L peptone, 24.0 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2% v/v glycerol), with supplements of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 1.0 mM thiamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 0.1 mg/mL ampicillin sodium, 20 μg/mL chloramphenicol, and trace elements (250 μM FeCl3, 2.4 μM ZnCl2, 2.1 μM CoCl2, 2.1 μM Na2MoO4, 1.9 μM CuCl2, 2.0 μM H3BO3, added as a combined 4000x stock solution in 10% HCl). The three culture flasks were mounted on a non-temperature-controlled shaker (Orbital Shaker PSU-10i, Biosan, Latvia) and incubated at room temperature (23.5–25 °C) with shaking (180 rpm) for 5 h. To each culture was then added a second set of supplements to final concentrations of 4.0 mg/mL L-arabinose (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.5 mM δ-aminolevulinic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1.0 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (TCI, Tokyo, Japan), with further incubation for 43–46 h. A temperature of ≤32 °C served to facilitate protein folding (Yun et al. 2006).
The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Flaminia Bardanzellu, Melania Puddu, Diego Giampietro Peroni, Vassilios Fanos
The association between obesity and immune-mediated diseases has been highlighted in the review of Umano et al. [212]. Less is known about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms but adipokines released by adipose tissue seem, also in this case, to affect immune responses. Some metabolites which differentiate OW-OB BM could be involved in immune processes. Between them, orotate, reduced in the study of Isganaitis and adenine, increased in the same study [115]; the former may have an adverse impact while the latter has been reported to have the opposite effect. Arabinose, also increased in the aforementioned [115] study, potentially reduced the virulence of some pathogens. Between HMOs, LNFPI and III and 2ʹ-FL seem to protect against infections but with the second having increased and the other two having reduced [115], only the second could be protective. Among monosaccharides derivatives, xylonolactone increase may promote immunity [127].