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Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Rajni Kumari, V. Vivekanand, Nidhi Pareek
It is classified on the basis of molecular size and degree of polymerization into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (Knudsen et al., 2013). Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar and have the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule (Vaclavik et al., 2008), that cannot be further hydrolyzed. The rest of the other saccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds and hydrolyzed into simpler units. For example, fructose, galactose, and glucose are the main source of energy preferentially utilized by the brain and red blood cells (Ferrier, 2014). Disaccharides comprise two monomer sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds. Sucrose, lactose, trehalose, and maltose belong to disaccharides. Oligosaccharides are composed of a few monosaccharide units (2 to 20 units) (Roberfroid and Slavin, 2000) which are soluble in 80% ethanol, but intestinal enzymes are unable to digest them. Fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and mannan-oligosaccharides are examples of oligosaccharides (Englyst et al., 2007). Polysaccharides belong to high-molecular-weight polymeric monosaccharide units, and the degree of polymerization ranges from 70,000 to 90,000, depending on the type of polysaccharide (BeMiller, 2018). They are neither sweet in taste nor utilized directly like other carbohydrates. They may be linear (starch, cellulose) or branched (amylopectin, glycogen), homopolysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen) or heteropolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, arabinoxylans) (Slavin, 2012).
Tube Feedings Formulas and Methods
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The most elemental carbohydrate is glucose. Other monosaccharides can also be used. But complex carbohydrates (i.e., starches) are often also included in elemental formulas because of their ease of digestion.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Carbohydrates are classified into four main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The monosaccharides frequently present in food are glucose, fructose and galactose (Fig. 1). The principal disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose (7–10). Both mono- and disaccharides are water-soluble and popularly called sugars. They are rapidly assimilated in the digestive tract and easily broken down with immediate release of energy. Oligosaccharides include α-glucans or malto-oligosaccharides, principally occurring from the hydrolysis of starch and non-α-glucan such as raffinose and stachyose, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides and other oligosaccharides (6–10). Polysaccharides may be divided into starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). NSPs are the major components of the plant cell wall such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, but also include plant gum, mucilage and hydrocolloids (6–12). Dietary fibers consist of intrinsic plant cell wall polysaccharides. They are classified into two groups according to their water-solubility: insoluble dietary fibers like cellulose, hemicellulose, non-starch polysaccharide, and lignin; and soluble dietary fibers such as beta-glucan, pentosan, pectin, gum and mucilage. Some carbohydrates, like inulin, do not fit neatly into this scheme because they exist in nature in multiple molecular forms. Inulin from plants may have from 2 to 200 fructose units; as such, crossing the boundary between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (8).
Angelica sinensis polysaccharides alleviate the oxidative burden on hematopoietic cells by restoring 5-fluorouracil-induced oxidative damage in perivascular mesenchymal progenitor cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yilin Niu, Hanxianzhi Xiao, Biyao Wang, Ziling Wang, Kunhang Du, Yaping Wang, Lu Wang
ASP was purchased from Ci Yuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China), dissolved in saline to a concentration of 20 g/L and sterilized by ultrafiltration. According to Ci Yuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., ASP was extracted from Angelica sinensis roots through pressurized hot water extraction, and proteins were removed from the crude polysaccharides using the repeated freeze-thaw method to obtain a mixture of polysaccharides. The purity of derived ASP was approximately 98%. Its monosaccharides include glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, and xylose (Mu et al. 2017; Ren et al. 2018; Cheng et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2020; Zeng et al. 2021). 5-FU was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a storage solution at a concentration of 0.025 g/L. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium/nutrient mixture F-12 was purchased from Gibco (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from MRC (Australia). Both the superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit were obtained from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (China). RNAiso reagent, SYBR Green I, and the reverse transcription kit were purchased from TAKARA Biotechnology (Japan). β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, p-GSK-3β and cyclin D1 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (USA). The antibodies against P53, P21, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were purchased from Boster Biological Technology (Beijing, China).
Polysaccharides from Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Inhibit the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Regulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
TianYu Sang, Yue Jun Fu, Li Song
The monosaccharide composition of HcBPS2 was measured by high-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis using a Dionex ICS-5000 system equipped with a Dionex CarbopacTMPA20 column (3.0 mm × 150 mm). The standard monosaccharides included fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, galacturonic acid, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine hydrochloride, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, guluronic acid, and mannose acid. The sample was hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at 120 °C for 3 h. After acid hydrolysis, the solution was transferred to a tube to be blown and dried with nitrogen. Deionized water was added, and the sample was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was used for high-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis.
Lethal toxicity induced by combined ingestion of dietary acetic acid and carbamazepine
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Iuliu Fulga, Oana-Maria Dragostin, Carmen Chitescu, Ioana Irimia, Alin Pîrăianu, Elena Stamate, Ana Fulga
Food acetic acid has been used since the eighteenth century for its therapeutic benefits in the treatment of obesity, later being studied for other beneficial therapeutic effects in the fight against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer (Santos et al.2019, Samad et al.2016). The mechanism of the antidiabetic effect of acetic acid has been explained by Ho et al. (2017), in that this may interfere with carbohydrate digestion, inhibiting the metabolism of polysaccharides into absorbable monosaccharides. In terms of use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease or cancer, food acetic acid works by reduction of renin secretion and as a result, reduced angiotensin II formation with vasoconstrictor effect (according to Samad et al.2016). The same group of researchers pointed out the inhibition of cell proliferation, the ingestion of dietary acetic acid being thus beneficial in the treatment of different types of tumors.