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Fasting
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
It is one of the diet patterns in which the feeding and fasting period cyclically takes place; intermittent fasting may consist of time-restricted or alternate-day fasting. Islamic fasting is similar to alternate-day fasting because the feeding and fasting periods in Islamic fasting vary between 12 to 18 hours typically on average based on geographical location and season of the year. Time-restricted fasting is a kind of intermittent fasting, in which the person consumes calories for the entire day within just about eight hours while fasting for the remaining hours (Pakkir Maideen et al., 2017).
Combined Effect of Diet and Physical Activity in the Management of Obesity
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Generally, a weight loss diet includes reducing total caloric intake by 250–1,250 kcals every day. Alternate-day fasting is a model in which every other day, calories are restricted up to 75% of normal intake116,117 or by 1,500–1,750 kcals. On alternate days, individuals consume their normal diet. Adherence over an 8-week study was 85% on this dietary pattern.117 Enhancing adherence to this program is the recent demonstration that the time of day the food is consumed on the fasting days has little impact on weight loss, providing greater flexibility for the individual.118 To date, only a limited number of trials have investigated weight loss with this type of eating strategy, and these are limited in their duration, and randomized versus nonrandomized. Weight loss was 3.2% more for individuals undergoing an alternate-day fasting program compared to a usual weight loss control group over a 12-week period.119 In a single-arm study, those on an alternate-day fast lost 8% of body weight in 8 weeks.120 Others showed a weight loss of 5–6 kg, or about 0.67 kg per week, which is comparable to a moderate calorie-restricted diet.116,117 Importantly, this type of eating strategy may impart improvements in metabolic health, such as inflammatory biomarkers, glucose regulation, and blood lipids,121 making it an attractive strategy for inducing weight loss.
Aging and Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Jasper Most, Leanne M. Redman, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
The first human clinical intervention study on CR (without malnutrition) implemented CR by alternate-day fasting for 3 years (Vallejo 1957). As the name implies, alternate-day fasting paradigms involve a day of normal eating followed by a day of either complete fasting or a significantly reduced level of dietary intake such as <20%. In the Vallejo study, 60 out of 120 men received 900 and 2300 kcal on alternate days for 3 years, estimated to be equivalent to 35% CR overall, whereas the 60 others were fed ad libitum. Strikingly, the death rate (6 vs. 13) and hospital admissions (123 vs. 219) were ~50% lower in the individuals fed CR through an alternate-day fasting diet (Stunkard 1976). A more recent study that imposed a complete day of fasting followed by a day of ad libitum eating for 3 weeks reduced participants’ body weight by 2.5% (Heilbronn et al. 2005). This suggests that CR can be achieved with these kinds of time-restricted eating paradigms. In this 3-week study, the alternate-day fasting did not reduce oxidative stress, resting metabolic rate, or body core temperature. However, a scientific conundrum noted by the authors is when to collect follow-up measurements, following a day of fasting or a day of feeding. The ability to sustain these kinds of eating paradigms for longer-term studies is questioned because lightheadedness, constipation, and irritability (on fast days) were frequently reported (Heilbronn et al. 2005). Longer-duration studies of alternative-day eating paradigms are lacking, especially those with a direct comparison to traditional CR diets. The reader is referred to Chapter 27 of this textbook for a more detailed review of the effects of alternate-day fasting on measures of cardiometabolic health.
Hesperidin augments the health beneficial effects of alternate day fasting in male rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Sukanya Bhoumik, Rashmi Kesherwani, Raushan Kumar, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
Aging is a biological phenomenon which leads to loss of metabolic homeostasis, eventually damaging internal cellular integrity and increasing risk for major age-related pathologies [1]. One of the most robust mechanisms to attenuate aging is caloric restriction (CR), an intervention which involves restricting the amount of caloric intake without reducing nutritional efficiency and this strategy has been proposed to help in attaining longer and healthier lifespan [2]. CR has been applied successfully in many model organisms although studies in humans suggest several complications associated with nutritional intake and the observed efficacy of CR is not found to be the same as observed in other organisms. Moreover, it also has some repercussions associated with bone health, loss of libido amongst others [3]. A slightly different approach from CR is Intermittent Fasting (IF), another dietary restriction (DR) strategy based on limited feeding along with subsequent periods of total abstinence from food (fasting) and is an effective method known to reduce biomarkers of aging and promote healthspan [4]. Alternate day fasting (ADF) is one of the subtypes of IF regimens and is defined as an alternate sequence of feeding and fasting days which may be classified as periodic caloric restriction.
Intermittent fasting implementation and association with eating disorder symptomatology
Published in Eating Disorders, 2022
Kelly Cuccolo, Rachel Kramer, Thomas Petros, McKena Thoennes
Similarly, Beaulieu et al. (2020) conducted a randomized trial to assess the impact of IF (specifically intermittent energy restriction) and continuous energy restriction on appetite among a group of overweight/obese women, noting mixed results in regard to eating behavior. Authors compared a group engaging in IF to a group who were continuously restricting intake (Continuous Energy Restriction). Binge eating decreased over the course of the trial but no effect of group was found; additionally, disinhibition was found to be significantly lower in the IF group suggesting this group was less inclined to ‘lose control’ of their diet. Relatedly, other studies have noted increases in restriction associated with various forms of IF such as alternate day fasting2 (ADF; Bhutani et al., 2013; Hoddy et al., 2015). Restriction is a core feature of many ED assessments (e.g., Fairburn & Beglin, 2008) that is associated with increases in disordered eating, and resistance to ED treatment (Anderson et al., 2016; Halmi, 2013). Given that IF is growing in popularity and fasting itself is considered an extreme weight control behavior, we were interested in assessing ED symptoms and symptom severity—including the presence and severity of restriction among intermittent fasters (Pike, 2019). Understanding the presence and severity of restriction among intermittent fasters would provide one piece of specific evidence about the risk associated with IF.
Intermittent fasting and probiotics in non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats: interplay between FGF19 and FGF21
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Yomna M yehya, Zeinab H. El-Said, Mohamed Adel, Basma H Othman, Atef A Mansour, Sabry M Gad
Nonetheless, dietary restriction and physical activity-based lifestyle interventions remain the first-line management for NAFLD [12]. Because of its benefits for weight and insulin sensitivity, intermittent fasting (IF) is regarded as one of the most promising lifestyle modifications; however, little is known about IF’s role in NAFLD management [13]. Zhang et al., 2020, observed that 4 weeks of alternate-day fasting (ADF) improved insulin sensitivity, remodeled the GM, and modified microbial metabolites. Furthermore, ADF appears to enhance FGF21 and bile acid (BA) metabolism pathways. Since BAs are significant microbiota metabolites, it is particularly critical to investigate the molecules and mechanisms via which ADF affects the ‘gut microbiota-liver axis’ [14].